Funding for food microbiology research often follows disease outbreaks: botulism from vacuum-packed white-fish chubs, listeriosis from soft cheeses, or illness due to Salmonella Enteritidis or Escherichia coli. As a consequence of research, detection, identification, and subtyping methods improve, and more is learned about pathogenicity and virulence. Research also explores the organisms' capac...

Food microbiology has become a mature science in the twentieth century and has made great advances. While recognising these achievements, it is also necessary to consider how the science may need to change. This paper addresses this by reference to three areas. These are possible changes in foodborne diseases of concern and the impact of molecular and genetic techniques on our current methodolo...

Laboratories offering a quality service for the microbiological examination of food must implement a quality assurance system. An effective system should, in addition to daily quality control of procedures, consumables, and equipment, include external laboratory accreditation to a recognised standard, the use of validated test methods, and participation in an external quality assessment (profic...

Because microorganisms are easily dispersed, display physiologic diversity, and tolerate extreme conditions, they are ubiquitous and may contaminate and grow in many food products. The behavior of microbial populations in foods (growth, survival, or death) is determined by the properties of the food (e.g., water activity and pH) and the storage conditions (e.g., temperature, relative humidity, ...

Life secrets lie in invisible world which excites imagine to study. Nowadays, nanotechnology became public terminology for applications of nano-size (nm = 10 meter) in all sciences. Nano-particles already present in nature such as living cell structures (proteins, DNA, polysaccharides, membranes, etc.) and natural structures such as casein micelles or starch, the folding of globular proteins an...

One can surmise that few people spend much time during their normal day thinking about mathematical modeling. However, each day a wide range of activities and decisions that directly impact millions of individuals in this country are based on the results of models that were developed to describe and predict complex processes and events. Weather forecasts, mutual funds, airline schedules, and ca...