Adhesion and cytoskeletal structure are intimately related in biological cell function. Even with the vast amount of biological and biochemical data that exist, little is known at the molecular level about physical mechanisms involved in attachments between cells or about consequences of adhesion on the material structure. To expose physical actions at soft biological interfaces, we have combin...

This paper outlines a mathematical framework necessary to determine the optimal transducer force for a given vibration input. This relationship, between input vibration parameters and transducer force gives a critical first step in determining the optimal transducer architecture for a given vibration input. This relationship also yields a theoretical maximum energy output for a system with a gi...

Nanomachining experiments on fused quartz surface have been performed using an atomic force microscope combined with a two-axis capacitive force/displacement transducer. The minimum normal force fnP needed to form reproducibly a groove was about 4.7 μN. The minimum critical normal force fnR, tangential force ftR, and groove depth dgR when the material removal process began were found to be 33.7...

A hybrid longitudinal-torsional ultrasonic transducer is designed and fabricated in this research. The design of the transducer was performed using the FE method with ABAQUS software, with the aim of combining the longitudinal and torsional vibration modes. The transducer horn is then fabricated using a 4-axis milling machine. The PZT stacks are employed in order to excite the transducer. The t...

A transducer is a system that couples two loads. For example, an electromechanical transducer couples a mechanical force and an electrical voltage. A two-load, nonlinear system can exhibit rich behavior of bifurcation, which can be displayed in a three-dimensional space, with the horizontal plane representing the two loads, and the vertical axis representing the state of the system. In this thr...

This research is to use fuzzy controller to eliminate hysteresis effect of a force actuator for a Scanning Probe Microscope (SPM). This improvement has been verified by MATLAB simulation and practical implementation to reduce the hysteresis effect of the force actuator. Comparisons with two previous designs with and without Linear Velocity Transducer (LVT) for inner-loop feedback compensation a...

Force transducers \vcrc used to measure response force in addition to response latency in an Si-Rj, S.2 double-stimulation paradigm. Changes in response force for the transducer associated with Sa, to which no overt response was required, were systematically related to stimulus-response(S-R) orientation, interstimulus interval, and Ri direction. Results were interpreted as support for a respons...