OBJECTIVES Fractal geometry is a tool used to characterize irregularly shaped and complex figures. It can be used not only to generate biological structures (e.g., the human renal artery tree), but also to derive parameters such as the fractal dimension in order to quantify the shapes of structures. As such, it allows user-independent evaluation and does not rely on the experience level of the ...

Golgi-impregnated horizontal cells (HCs) as viewed in whole mount human retinas have been studied by light microscopic (LM) techniques. Impregnated HCs have been drawn by camera lucida and by the Eutectics neuron tracing method to provide quantitative data on dendritic tree sizes, dendritic tree shapes, and dendritic terminals for statistical treatment and cluster analysis. In addition, fractal...

Wideband application put a new demand on antennas pertaining to size, gain, efficiency, bandwidth and more. This paper presents the design and analysis of fractal antenna which uses the self similarity property of fractal geometry. This unique property is exploited to develop antenna elements that are wideband and compact possessing highly desirable properties. The presented antenna is circle i...

The use of fractal geometries has significantly impacted many areas of science and engineering; one of which is antenna. Designing antenna using fractal geometries has been shown to improve several antenna features. Moment method based simulation code was applied to perform a detailed parametric study for H-Shape model. The use of this model reduces the size of a resonant antenna compared with ...

A new compact microstrip bandpass filter design is introduced in this paper as a candidate for use in modern wireless communication systems. The proposed filter structure is composed of two fractal-based microstrip resonators. The structure of each resonator is in the form of the Hilbert fractal curve geometry. Two microstrip single-mode resonators with structures based on the 3rd and 4th itera...

In this paper we propose the optimization of patch size for a fractal hybrid antenna that can be used in GPS applications. This project is about two different models namely sierpinski gasket fractal antenna and Koch rectangular fractal antenna. A fractal antenna in general is characterized by space filling and self-similarity properties. These fractal shaped antennas have their own unique chara...

In boosting-based object detectors, weak classifiers are often build on Haar-like features using conventional integral images. That approach leads to the utilization of simple rectangle-shaped structures which are only partial suitable for curved-shaped structures, as present in natural object classes such as faces. In this paper, we propose a new class of fractal features based on space-fillin...

Fractals contain an infinite number of scaled copies of a starting geometry. Due to this fundamental property, they offer multiband characteristics and can be used for miniaturization of antenna structures. In this paper, electromagnetic transmission through fractal shaped apertures in an infinite conducting screen has been investigated for a number of fractal geometries like Sierpinski gasket,...

In this paper, self-similar fractal antenna with electromagnetic band gap (EBG) is proposed and studied. Fractal geometry is a methodology through which size reduction is achieved. Plus shaped fractal antennas with base, first and second iteration of order 1/3 are surrounded with Hexagonal square slotted EBG structures. This is designed on substrate with r=4.4 & h=1.6mm. The designed antenna r...

Abstract: A novel antenna structure is proposed by combining the concept of a reconfigurable and fractal with the parasitic elements technique to obtain the multiband frequency reconfigurable antenna. Fractal antenna with triangular slot is designed for operating at multiple frequencies. The integration of PIN diode switches to the antenna changes the frequency of the antenna dynamically. This ...