Debye model is used for approximating the frequency dependent complex effective permittivity of composite structures in filter and shielding applications at microwave frequencies. In debye model, desired effectiveness (SE) obtained by determining parameters using trial error method. But this may result wasting time or not converging to an optimum solution. work overcome problem were optimized D...

Fast parameter estimation of sinusoidal frequency modulation signal (SFM) in additive white Gaussian noise is considered. A technique based on Carson's rule is developed to estimate the frequency modulation index; the carrier frequency is calculated using the symmetrical property of side-frequency components; the instantaneous frequency is computed to get the modulation frequency. The Cramér-Ra...

a critical protection requirement for grid connected distributed generators (dg) is anti-islanding protection. in this paper, a new islanding detection method for any possible network loading is proposed based on utilizing and combining various system parameter indices. in order to secure the detection of islanding, eight intentional disturbances are imposed to the system under study in which t...

ionospheric slab thickness is defined as the ratio of tec to maximum electron density of the f-region (nmf2), proportional to the square of the f2-layer critical frequency (fof2). it is an important parameter in that it is linearly correlated with scale height of the ionosphere, which is related to electron density profile. it also reflects variation of the neutral temperature. therefore, ionos...