seed reserves are controlled by genetic and environmental condition such as nutrition, temperature, drought stress and light intensity. strong seedling will produce from seeds with high reserves. therefore, in this work that conducted in pot, field(in tabriz university) and lab(in shahrood university of technology) experiments, effect of pre-anthesis nitrogen application and a drought stress du...

In this paper, we consider the case for an intraday market for reserves. We discuss the separate roles of intraday and overnight reserves and argue that an intraday market could be organized in the same way as the overnight market. We present arguments for and against a market for intraday reserves when the marginal cost of overnight reserves is positive. We also consider how reserves should be...

abstract a quantitative framework of combination of liner programming and cooperative game theory was used in this study to analyze and model cooperative contracts in production based on rural households' resources cooperation in firoozabad plain. revenues and costs in cooperation game theory have important rule to get agreement. transaction cost function was used in cooperative costs accountin...

The paper is devoted to optimization of reserves and reliability level. The four approaches presented will need deeper scientific research. 1. The sum of reserves’ costs and losses of consumers is minimized to the determination of optimal reserves. 2. Two-stage approach: 2.1. The sum of reserves’ costs and consumers’ losses is minimized to the determination of optimal requirements for reliabili...

Marine reserves have been proposed as a remedy for overfishing and declining marine biodiversity, but concern that reserves would inherently reduce yields has impeded their implementation. It was found that management of fisheries through reserves and management through effort control produce identical yields under a reasonable set of simplifying assumptions corresponding to a broad range of bi...

We contribute to the understanding of marine reserves and the management of renewable resources with uncertainty. We show that the key benefit of reserves is that they increase resilience, or the speed it takes a population to return to a former state following a negative shock. Resilience can also increase resource rents even with optimal harvesting. We contradict the accepted wisdom that rese...