This paper focuses on the simultaneity of fragmentation and the constitutionalisation of international law. The case in point is the interdependency between the global trade regime and international standard-setting organisations. The empirical study outlines the difference between the GATT and the GATS in their reference structure to international standard-setting organisations. A particular f...

Problem consideredGlobally, smokeless tobacco (SLT) users are highest in India. Whilst, studies examined prevalence and determinants of SLT use, no evidence exists which the quantity consumed.MethodsStudy utilized national representative data from Longitudinal Aging Study India (LASI) adopted a multistage stratified area probability cluster sampling design. First, we computed average consumptio...

A large portion of labor and trade in most countries is devoted to the service sector, thus sector impacts are crucial a full understanding effects WTO membership. The effect membership on volume has been subject debate past, but critically, these studies have failed examine specifically. Conventional wisdom would seem suggest that should boosted services trade, particularly after implementatio...

W artykule omówione zostały zagadnienia związane ze stosowaniem znanej powszechnie w międzynarodowych stosunkach gospodarczych klauzuli najwyższego uprzywilejowania, również sprawach podatkowych. Przyczynkiem do analizy tego jest orzeczenie Trybunału Sprawiedliwości z dnia 7 czerwca 2007 r. sprawie Řízení Letového Provozu ČR, s. p. przeciwko Bundesamt für Finanzen (C-335/05), dotyczące stosowan...

The scheduling approach constitutes a key element of services trade agreements as it is the means to pursue liberalization. This paper provides an overview approaches adopted in 187 notified under GATS Article V 30 April 2022, analyses differences between positive and negative list approaches, discusses their implications for negotiation strategies policies.

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have proved to be an effective representation learning framework for graph-structured data, and achieved state-of-the-art performance on many practical predictive tasks. Among the variants of GNNs, Attention (GATs) improve graph tasks through a dense attention mechanism. However, real-world graphs are often very large noisy, GATs prone overfitting if not regularized...