The PDF of N2O mixing ratio differences over various separation distances is studied using ER-2 airborne data. It is found that the PDF shape ranges from Gaussian, through stretched exponential and exponential, back to Gaussian as the separation distance increases from 200 m to about 200 km. With the PDF as a diagnostic tool, we identify the horizontal diffusive scale in the lower stratosphere ...

In blind source separation, convergence and separation performance are highly dependent on a relation between a probability density function (pdf) of the output signals y and nonlinear functions f(y) used in updating coefficients of a separation block. This relation was analyzed based on kurtosis κ4 of the output signals. The nonlinear functions, tanh(y) and y have been suggested for super-Gaus...

The microscopic dynamics and aging of a soft thermosensitive suspension was investigated by looking at the thermal fluctuations of tracers in the suspension. Below and above the glass transition, the dense microgel particles suspension was found to develop an heterogeneous dynamics, featured by a non Gaussian Probability Distribution Function (PDF) of the probes’ displacements, with an exponent...

– Aging in spin glasses is analyzed via the Probability Density Function (PDF) of the heat transfer over a short time δt between system and heat bath. The PDF contains a Gaussian part, describing reversible fluctuations, and an exponential ’intermittent’ tail. We find that the relative weight of these two parts depends, for fixed δt on the ratio of the total sampling time t to the age tw. Fixin...

We present a new method based on the N-point probability distribution (pdf) to study non-Gaussianity in cosmic microwave background (CMB) maps. Likelihood and Bayesian estimation are applied to a local non-linear perturbed model up to third order, characterized by a linear term which is described by a Gaussian N-pdf, and a second and third order terms which are proportional to the square and th...

This letter provides the first prediction of the probability density function (PDF) of flux R in plasma sheath sheath region in magnetic fusion devices which is characterized by dynamical equations with exponential non-linearities. By using a non-perturbative statistical theory (instantons), the PDF tails of first moment are shown to be modified Gumbel distribution which represents a frequency ...

Many natural porous geological rock formations, as well as engineered porous structures, have fractal properties, i.e., they are self-similar over several length scales. While there have been many experimental and theoretical studies on how to quantify a fractal porous medium and on how to determine its fractal dimension, the numerical generation of a fractal pore structure with prede®ned stati...

In some multiuser direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems, the commonly used Gaussian approximation (GA) is inaccurate to describe the probability density function (PDF) of the global noise, which is the sum of the multiple-access interference (MAI) and channel noise. This inaccuracy causes the performance degradation of turbo codes as compared to decoders based on the t...

The problem of estimating parameters of discrete-time non-Gaussian autoregressive (AR) processes is addressed. The subclass of such processes considered is restricted to those whose driving noise samples are statistically independent and identically distributed according to a Gaussian-mixture probability density function (pdf). Because the likelihood function for this problem is typically unbou...

Dynamics are inherent characteristics of batch processes, and they may exist not only within a particular batch, but also from batch to batch. To model and monitor such two-dimensional (2D) batch dynamics, two-dimensional dynamic principal component analysis (2D-DPCA) has been developed. However, the original 2D-DPCA calculates the monitoring control limits based on the multivariate Gaussian di...