The generalized open XXZ model at q root of unity is considered. We review how associated models, such as the q harmonic oscillator, and the lattice sine-Gordon and Liouville models are obtained. Explicit expressions of the local Hamiltonian of the spin 1 2 XXZ spin chain coupled to dynamical degrees of freedom at the one end of the chain are provided. Furthermore, the boundary non-local charge...

We found a new symplectic structure and a recursion operator for the Sasa–Satsuma (complex mKdV II) equation widely used in nonlinear optics, pt = pxxx + 6pqpx + 3p(pq)x, qt = qxxx + 6pqqx + 3q(pq)x, along with an integro-differential substitution linking this system to a third-order generalized symmetry of the complex sine-Gordon II system uxy = vuxuy uv + c + (2uv + c)(uv + c)ku, vxy = uvxvy ...

The relevance of PT symmetry to quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the gauge theory of the strong interactions, is explored in the context of finite temperature and density. Two significant problems in QCD are studied: the sign problem of finite-density QCD, and the problem of confinement. It is proven that the effective action for heavy quarks at finite density is PT -symmetric. For the case of 1+1...

In this paper based on a system of Riccati equations with variable coefficients, we presented a new Riccati equation with variable coefficients expansion method and its algorithm, which are direct and more powerful than the tanh-function method, sine-cosine method, the generalized hyperbolic-function method and the generalized Riccat equation with constant coefficient expansion method to constr...

The solitons and kinks of the generalized sl(3,C) sine-Gordon (GSG) model are explicitly obtained through the hybrid of the Hirota and dressing methods in which the tau functions play an important role. The various properties are investigated, such as the potential vacuum structure, the soliton and kink solutions and the soliton masses formulae. As a reduced submodel we obtain the double sine-G...

In this article, we extensively study a family of distributions using the trigonometric function. We add an extra parameter to sine transformation and name it alpha-sine-G distributions. Some important functional forms properties are provided in general form. A specific sub-model alpha-sine Weibull is also introduced distribution as parent studied deeply. The statistical new investigated intend...

R.P. Boas has found necessary and sufficient conditions of belonging of function to Lipschitz class. From his findings it turned out, that the conditions on sine and cosine coefficients for belonging of function to Lip α (0 < α < 1) are the same, but for Lip 1 are different. Later his results were generalized by many authors in the viewpoint of generalization of condition on the majorant of mod...

FRACTIONAL FOURIER INTEGRAL THEOREM AND FRACTIONAL FOURIER SINE AND COSINE TRANSFORM Saleem Iqbal, S.M. Raza, * LalaRukh Kamal and Farhana Sarwar Department of Mathematics/Physics, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan e-mail: fs1005,saleemiqbal81,[email protected]. ABSTRACT: The fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) is a generalization of the ordinary Fourier transform (FT). Recently...