a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t It is quite difficult but essential for Genetic Programming (GP) to evolve the choice structures. Traditional approaches usually ignore this issue. They define some " if-structures " functions according to their problems by combining " if-else " statement, conditional criterions and elemental functions together. Obviously, these if-structure functions depen...

INTRODUCTION Covariance matrices in quantitative genetic analyses have, by and large, been considered ‘unstructured’, i.e. for q random variables, there are q(q + 1)/2 distinct covariance components. This implies that the number of parameters to be estimated increases quadratically with the number of variables. Multivariate analyses involving more than a few traits have been hampered by computa...

It is established good software engineering practice to ensure that programs use memory via abstract data structures such as stacks, queues and lists. These provide an interface between the program and memory, freeing the program of memory management details which are left to the data structures to implement. The main result presented herein is that GP can automatically generate stacks and queues.

We investigate the use of a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to design a set of photonic crystals (PCs) in one and two dimensions. Our flexible design methodology allows us to optimize PC structures for specific objectives. In this paper, we report the results of several such GA-based PC optimizations. We show that the GA performs well even in very complex design spaces, and therefore has great potential...

Within a study of the genetics of Balkan populations, four DNA-STR systems and 19 classical markers were examined in seven samples: Romanians (two groups), Albanians, Greeks and Aromuns (three groups). The results for the DNA-STR systems have been compared with data from the literature. The results show four clear separated groups: sub-Saharan black populations, North-African, Japanese and Euro...

in this paper the fuzzy structural reliability index was determined through modeling epistemic uncertainty arising from ambiguity in statistical parameters of random variables. the first order reliability method (form) has been used and a robust genetic algorithm in the alpha level optimization method has been proposed for the determination of the fuzzy reliability index. the sensitivity level ...

background: rna molecules play many important regulatory, catalytic and structuralroles in the cell, and rna secondary structure prediction with pseudoknots is one themost important problems in biology. an rna pseudoknot is an element of the rna secondary structure in which bases of a single-stranded loop pair with complementary basesoutside the loop. modeling these nested structures (pseudokno...