Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary causative agent of porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD), an economically important swine disease that causes wasting in pigs 5-18 weeks of age. There exist two different types of porcine circoviruses: porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) was discovered as a contaminant of porcine kidney (PK-15) cells and was determined to be nonpathogenic in ...

Neurologic complication associated with the use of live attenuated oral poliomyelitis vaccine is uncommon, but vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis in recipients or contacts has sometimes been reported. We report here a community-acquired aseptic meningitis case and the genetic investigation of the isolated poliovirus type 2. The results of the genetic analysis indicate that the mechanism...

Background: Development of an effective vaccine is highly needed in order to restrict the AIDS pandemic. DNA vaccines initiate both arms of immunity without the potential of causing disease. HIV-1 p24 and gp41 (gag and env) proteins play important roles in viral pathogenesis and are effective candidates for immune induction and vaccine design. Objective: In this study, new DNA vaccine candidate...

The heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was introduced in the United States (US) in 2000 and has significantly reduced invasive pneumococcal disease; however, the incidence of nonvaccine serotype invasive disease, particularly due to serotype 19A, has increased. The serotype 19A increase can be explained in part by expansion of a genotype that has been circulating in the US prior ...

Zoonotic influenza viruses continue to be identified and evolve both genetically and antigenically, leading to the need for update of candidate vaccine viruses for pandemic preparedness purposes. Evaluation of the genetic and antigenic characteristics of these viruses, their relationship to existing candidate vaccine viruses, and their potential risks to public health, justify the need to selec...

The extraordinary genetic diversity and immune evasion of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pose significant challenges for vaccine development. AIDS vaccine design requires a scientifically driven, rational approach that encompasses the latest advances in viral molecular genetics, structural biology, and immunology.

background and objectives: bacillus anthracis is one of the most homogenous bacteria ever described. bacillus anthracis 17jb is a laboratory strain. it is broadly used as a challenge strain in guinea pigs for potency test of anthrax vaccine. material and methods: this work describes genetic characterization of b. anthracis 17 jb strain using the snps and mlva genotyping. results and conclusion:...

Background: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) genotype VII has become the dominant genotype in China. However, NDV genotype II was used to make current commercial NDV vaccines. The mismatch of genotypes between circulating and vaccine strains of viruses may compromise the efficacy of vaccines. Methods: In this study, a current circulating NDV was attenuated by mutations of multiple basic amino acid...