Terrestrial laser scanning is an efficient technique in providing highly accurate point clouds for various geoscience applications. The point clouds have to be transformed to a well-defined reference frame, such as the global Geodetic Reference System 1980. The transformation to the geocentric coordinate frame is based on estimating seven Helmert parameters using several GNSS (Global Navigation...

Let G=(V,E) be a simple connected graph of order p and size q. A decomposition of a graph G is a collection π of edge-disjoint subgraphs G_1,G_2,…,G_n of G such that every edge of G belongs to exactly one G_i,(1≤i ≤n). The decomposition 〖π={G〗_1,G_2,…,G_n} of a connected graph G is said to be a distinct edge geodetic decomposition if g_1 (G_i )≠g_1 (G_j ),(1≤i≠j≤n). The maximum cardinality of π...

This note describes a numerically stable procedure to derive a canonical coordinate system for a 2D linear transformation. The determinant of the transformation from the given coordinate system to the canonical coordinate system is 1; thus area is preserved. The transformation is composed of a short sequence of rotations and areapreserving nonuniform scales. If the eigenvectors are real, they m...

INTEGRATED DATABASE APPROACH ..................... 3 Database Schemes and Instances ........................ 4 Data Models ................................. 6 THE ENTITY RELATIONSHIP MODEL ..................... 8 ER Schemes and ER Diagrams ......................... 12 Weak Entity Types .............................. 12 ER SCHEMES FOR THE SAMPLE GEODETIC APPLICATION .......... 13 TRANSLATING ER ...

The OpenGIS Consortium (OGC), an industry group, has developed COM, CORBA and Java interface specifications allowing vendors to develop mutually interoperable geospatial software. OGC established the Coordinate Transformation Working Group (CT-WG) in April 1998. The working group developed a Unified Modeling Language object model of coordinate systems (CS) and coordinate transformations (CT) in...