The geographic context is essential both for environmental research, and for policyoriented environmental management. Geographic information systems are as a result increasingly important computing applications in this domain, and an understanding of the underlying principles of geographic information science is increasingly essential to sound scientific practice. The review begins by defining ...

Sixteen Piper species, including P. nigrum, have been collected from the 483 sites, majority from Western Ghats and maintained at the Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut. Fifteen qualitative morphological characters of 16 wild species of southern India were studied and plotted for the hierarchical clustering, using SPSS software. The cluster groups were compared using BIOCLIM model of ...

In the United States, Light Rail Transit (LRT) systems have become a popular transportation alternative. Minnesota built its first light rail system in 2004 with the Hiawatha Line and additional projects are underway in the Minneapolis and St. Paul area. While light rail systems are attractive to commuters, they are expensive to construct and careful planning is ongoing to ensure their effectiv...

Although urban planning has used computer models and information systems since the 1950s and architectural practice has recently restructured to the use of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer drafting software, urban design has hardly been touched by the digital world. This is about to change as very fine scale spatial data relevant to such design becomes routinely available, as 2dimension...

GIS software development is now moving in the direction of components. The design of a two-dimensional GIS componentware – MapManager, which is based on the COM/DCOM technology, is introduced here. In the process of GIS software design, we should mainly consider the following aspects: spatial database design, visualization, data interface, spatial query and analysis, editing and mapping. At las...