16. After years of stagnation, economic growth in the Region resumed: as of 2007, nearly onethird of the countries had growth rates in excess of 6%. The per capita gross national income (GNI) in the Region (2004 data) is among the highest in the world. While the average income in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is US$ 7,811, in some of its subregions—notably the Latin Caribbean, the Andea...

OBJECTIVE To determine whether in countries with high gender empowerment the female-to-male smoking prevalence ratio is also higher. METHODS Bivariate and multiple regression analyses were performed to explore the relation between the United Nations Development Programme's gender empowerment measure (GEM) and the female-to-male smoking prevalence ratio (calculated from the 2008 WHO global tob...

background: this study aimed to evaluate the perception of lay people regarding determinants of health at global level and factors affecting it. methods: data was collected from international social survey program (issp) and world bank website. multilevel regression analysis was done and lay people’s perception regarding health behavior, environment, poverty and genes as health determinants was...

Since 1990, UNDP has considered GNI per capita as a microeconomic variable that yields decreasing marginal material welfare in the calculation of HDI. Consequently, international inequality development is significantly and unrealistically reduced. In this paper we support macroeconomic with increasing at national level. We then propose an alternative method transforming GDP into welfare. use fo...

In 2008, 563,294,000 people were living in Latin America (LA), of which 6.6% were older than 65. The region is going through a fast demographic and epidemiologic transition process, in the context of an improvement in socio-economic indices. The Latin American Dialysis and Renal Transplant Registry has collected data since 1991, through an annual survey completed by 20 affiliated National Socie...

In this paper we study heuristic proof systems and heuristic non-deterministic algorithms. We give an example of a language Y and a polynomial-time samplable distribution D such that the distributional problem (Y,D) belongs to the complexity class HeurNP but Y / ∈ NP if NP 6= coNP, and (Y,D) / ∈ HeurBPP if (NP,PSamp) 6⊆ HeurBPP. For a language L and a polynomial q we define the language padq(L)...

This study aims to examine if and how national culture affects e-government diffusion. To explore the possible relationship, we analyse two sets of international-level indexes: (1) the indexes of five of the societal cultural practices of the GLOBE project [35], and (2) the egovernment development and participation indexes from the most recent United Nations’ egovernment survey [71]. As economi...

BACKGROUND The economic downturn exacerbates the inadequacy of resources for combating the worldwide HIV/AIDS pandemic and amplifies the need to improve the efficiency of HIV/AIDS programs. METHODS We used data envelopment analysis (DEA) to evaluate efficiency of national HIV/AIDS programs in transforming funding into services and implemented a Tobit model to identify determinants of the effi...