Animal groups such as fish schools, bird flocks and insect swarms appear to move so synchronously that they have long been considered egalitarian, leaderless units. In schooling fish, video observations of their spatial-temporal organization have, however, shown that anti-predator manoeuvres are not perfectly synchronous and that individuals have spatial preferences within the school. Nonethele...

Pesticides are used extensively in agricultural lands in Northern provinces of Iran which makes river ecosystems more vulnerable to pesticides pollution. This study was conducted in three river estuaries (Babolrud, Tajanrud and Gorganrud), focusing mainly on the concentration levels of organophosphate pesticides (diazinon, malathion, azinphos-methyl) in the muscle tissue of golden mullet fish, ...

Quality of fresh milt of grey mullet Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 was assessed based on motility grade, motility duration, sperm count and seminal plasma osmolality. Freshly collected milt from live males (n=17) were examined individually for motility assessment. Motility grade was four in fifteen samples whereas three in other two samples analysed. Other sperm quality parameters such as motil...

Anisakiasis is a parasitic infection caused by larval stages of nematodes of the genus Anisakis, Pseudoterranova and Contracaecum, of the Anisakidae family. The lifecycle of these nematodes develops in aquatic organisms and their final hosts are marine mammals. However, humans can act as accidental hosts and become infected with infective stage larvae (L3) by consuming raw or undercooked fish o...

in the present study, the effects of chlorella vulgaris on blood and immunological parameters of caspian salmon (salmo trutta caspius) before and after exposure to viral nervous necrosis (vnn) virus were examined. in this regard, four treatments in triplicate were chosen. groups included one control and 3treatments (t1, t2 and t3).  fish in control group, t1, t2 and t3 were fed diets supplement...