The term, "non-governmental organization" or NGO, came into currency in 1945 because of the need for the UN to differentiate in its Charter between participation rights for intergovernmental specialized agencies and those for international private organizations. At the UN, virtually all types of private bodies can be recognized as NGOs. They only have to be independent from government control, ...

Information intermediaries collect, organize, and distribute information to their clients. This study examines three institutional forms of information intermediary: the for-profit firm, the nonprofit organization, and the government agency. Using results from the economics and information science literature, five tests are proposed that characterize particular information markets. For a given ...

Privatization shifts ownership and control of public assets to private investors. Many governments use it as an important means to invigorate their state-owned enterprises (SOEs). However, it is not clear how changes in government ownership affect firm performance. Some economists argue that, in competitive markets without significant externalities, government ownership is inferior to private o...

The so-called nonprofit organizations include governments and Internal Revenue Services’ Code 501 (c) organizations. Nonprofits play a very significant role in our society. They provide very essential public goods and humanistic services and employ millions of our nation’s workforce. Nonprofits pursue profit no less than for-profits; they just refer to it as “increase in fund balances.” Nonprof...

In 2001 the Food Trust, a nonprofit organization committed to ensuring access to affordable, nutritious food, focused attention on the lack of access to healthy foods in Philadelphia by creating food access maps and convening a task force. The campaign led to the creation of a statewide initiative that to date has funded seventy-eight fresh food outlets in Pennsylvania, increasing food access f...

As we write the editorial for our special collection the large scale migration across Europe continues. It includes, for example, those who are fleeing the conflict in Syria, or seeking better economic conditions. Whatever the reason for migration, its current scale leads to the question of how we can best support both migrants and refugees in their new homes where they face the possibility of ...

Infertility is a central issue in the lives of many couples who suffer from it. In resource-poor countries the problem of childlessness is even more pronounced compared with Western societies owing to different sociocultural circumstances. It often leads to severe psychological, social, and economic suffering, and access to infertility treatment is often limited to certain procedures and certai...

This paper appraises the status of the advanced art in the section of attractive digital government interoperability and security by means of widespread models. Interoperability proposes to the exercise of Information and Communication Technologies to smooth the progress of the harmonization of work and information flow. Interoperability articulates to a property of special systems and organiza...

We currently face a myriad of grand global challenges in fields such as poverty, the environment, education, science, and medicine. However, our current means of dealing with such challenges has fallen short, and ingenious solutions are required to overcome the inherent resistance to progress toward ameliorating such difficulties. Here, we highlight the promises and challenges of international ...

During the 1990s, civil society emerged as the prime political force in the policy agenda of the major lenders and development agencies. An active civil society, it was believed, would enable choice, scrutinise errant governments, and ultimately lead to regularised, plural democracy. This article subjects this policy discourse to theoretical and empirical scrutiny. Theoretically, civil society ...