‎in this paper we give a characterization for all commutative‎ ‎rings with $1$ whose zero-divisor graphs are $c_4$-free.‎

a graph is called textit{circulant} if it is a cayley graph on a cyclic group, i.e. its adjacency matrix is circulant. let $d$ be a set of positive, proper divisors of the integer $n>1$. the integral circulant graph $icg_{n}(d)$ has the vertex set $mathbb{z}_{n}$ and the edge set e$(icg_{n}(d))= {{a,b}; gcd(a-b,n)in d }$. let $n=p_{1}p_{2}cdots p_{k}m$, where $p_{1},p_{2},cdots,p_{k}$ are disti...

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in this paper we study the coprime graph of a group $g$. the coprime graph of a group $g$, is a graph whose vertices are elements of $g$ and two distinct vertices $x$ and $y$ are adjacent iff $(|x|,|y|)=1$. in this paper we classify all the groups which the coprime graph is a complete r-partite graph or a planar graph. also we study the automorphism group of the coprime graph.

A connected graph G is said to be neighbourly irregular graph if no two adjacent vertices of G have same degree. In this paper we obtain neighbourly irregular derived graphs such as semitotal-point graph, k^{tℎ} semitotal-point graph, semitotal-line graph, paraline graph, quasi-total graph and quasivertex-total graph and also neighbourly irregular of some graph products.

the energy of a graph is equal to the sum of the absolute values of its eigenvalues. two graphs of the same order are said to be equienergetic if their energies are equal. we point out the following two open problems for equienergetic graphs. (1) although it is known that there are numerous pairs of equienergetic, non-cospectral trees, it is not known how to systematically construct any such pa...

let $r$ be a ring with unity. the undirected nilpotent graph of $r$, denoted by $gamma_n(r)$, is a graph with vertex set ~$z_n(r)^* = {0neq x in r | xy in n(r) for some y in r^*}$, and two distinct vertices $x$ and $y$ are adjacent if and only if $xy in n(r)$, or equivalently, $yx in n(r)$, where $n(r)$ denoted the nilpotent elements of $r$. recently, it has been proved that if $r$ is a left ar...

Graphs are widespread data structures used to model a wide variety of problems. The sheer amount of data to be processed has prompted the creation of a myriad of systems that help us cope with massive scale graphs. The pressure to deliver fast responses to queries on the graph is higher than ever before, as it is demanded by many applications (e.g. online recommendations, auctions, terrorism pr...

Handwritten signature is being used in various applications on daily basis. The problem arises when someone decides to imitate our signature and steal our identity. Therefore, there is a need for adequate protection of signatures and a need for systems that can, with a great degree of certainty, identify who is the signatory. This paper presents previous work in the field of signature and write...