Existing developmental models of effortful control focus more on the roles of child characteristics and parenting and focus less on the contributions of poverty-related stressors to individual differences in children's self-regulatory competence. Using a representative sample of low-income, predominantly African American and Latino children (n = 439), the author examined effortful control at ag...

This study explored the relationships among a behavioral and verbal measure of delay of gratification, Porteus Maze Test measures of planning ability and foresight (TQ) and impulse control (Q), and ratings of adjustment in a school for delinquent adolescent males. Both measures of delay of gratification were significantly related to the Porteus measures and the adjustment ratings. Delay of grat...

The purpose of this study is to examine whether there is an inter-conversion between posters and lurkers, and to further measure the effects of shyness, sociability, and the community-related attributes on the social network sites (SNS) participation status (posting or lurking). Quantitative survey was conducted among 412 Hong Kong college students. Shyness and sociability were respectively mea...

various lists of news values in communication have been offered since 1960. this article, next to a comparative and analytical explanation of those lists in the recent five decades, presents the authors, own selected list which embodies all the previous ones. then it is shown that the news values issue in both the practical domain of communication i.e the media, and its scientific domain, are b...

To function effectively, individuals must voluntarily postpone immediate gratification and persist in goal-directed behavior for the sake of later outcomes. The present research program analyzed the nature of this type of future-oriented self-control and the psychological processes that underlie it. Enduring individual differences in self-control were found as early as the preschool years. Thos...

People have self-control problems: We pursue immediate gratification in a way that we ourselves do not appreciate in the long run. Only recently have economists begun to focus on the behavioral and welfare implications of such time-inconsistent preferences. In this paper, we outline a simple formal model of self-control problems, apply this model to some specific economic applications, and disc...

Most previous delay of gratification tests were developed for children and are inappropriate for application in adults. The authors therefore developed the Delay of Gratification Test for Adults (DoG-A), which includes four types of reward that are meaningful to adults, namely snacks, real money, hypothetical money, and magazines. Four subscores and two composite scores can be calculated. This ...

To encourage worker productivity, companies routinely adopt policies requiring employees to delay gratification. For example, offices might prohibit use of the internet for personal purposes during regular business hours. Recent work in social psychology, however, suggests that using willpower to delay gratification can negatively impact performance. We report data from an experiment where subj...