pretibial myxedema is an uncommon manifestation of graves' disease and because of its rarity, information regarding its natural course and its relationship with other manifestations of graves' disease is not sufficient. we reviewed 150 consecutive cases diagnosed as having pretibial myxedema in a twenty-year period in a tertiary care center. only one patient in this group did not have ophthalmo...

Abstract Purpose of Review To provide the radiologist with tools to recognize findings atypical for Graves’ ophthalmopathy and differentiate between most important common alternative causes extraocular muscle enlargement on CT MR imaging. Recent We introduce five ‘red flags’ representing features that are ophthalmopathy: unilateral disease, pattern involvement, adjacent structure restricted dif...

Background Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) is a component of Graves’ disease (GD) that is difficult to treat and may be very debilitating for the patient. Orbitopathy (ophthalmopathy [harder to pronounce]) is a significant problem for about 5% to 10% of patients with Graves’ disease. The factors that cause a predisposition to it are not clear. The current study examines a database of patients with Gra...

Hashitoxicosis is generally differentiated from Graves' hyperthyroidism by its shorter course and absence of ophthalmopathy. In this case report, we describe an adolescent girl who presented with significant clinical findings of hyperthyroidism, a diffuse goiter with homogenously increased uptake in scintigraphy, and with ocular findings of ophthalmopathy. The thyroid stimulating hormone recept...

Graves ophthalmopathy (GO) usually occurs in a close temporal relationship with hyperthyroidism. It is rare in patients with normal thyroid function (euthyroid GO) and in patients with hypothyroid forms of thyroid autoimmune diseases (hypothyroid GO). We report a 52-years old man presenting in our endocrine clinic with diagnosed primary hypothyroidism 3 months back during evaluation for glaucom...

BACKGROUND Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) are expressed on NK cells and a subset of T cells. The variable KIR receptors along with their ligands, HLA class I, influence risk for autoimmune and malignant diseases. OBJECTIVE To investigate the KIR gene profiles in relation to susceptibility to Graves' disease in patients with ophthalmopathy. METHODS KIR genes profiles were an...

We investigated the lymphocyte characteristics of 77 Graves' disease patients with and without infiltrative ophthalmopathy. Thirteen patients with infiltrative ophthalmopathy without prior antithyroid therapy and 20 euthyroid patients with progressive ophthalmopathy demonstrated decreased percentages of active and total erythrocyte rosette-forming lymphocytes compared to thyrotoxic patients wit...