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An important measure of the capitalland ratio in urban areas is the Floor Area Ratio (FAR), which gives a building’s total floor area divided by the plot size. Variations in the FAR across cities remain an understudied measure of urban spatial structure. We examine how the FAR varies across the five boroughs of New York City. In particular, we focus on the FAR gradient over the 20 century. Firs...

In this study the impact of production work on the skid roads that have been carried out for many years by manpower animal power or machinery in a beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stand have been examined. For this purpose, herbaceous understory, forest floor and soil samples were collected from the undisturbed area and the skid road. Weight per unit area (kg ha(-1)), organic matter ratio and mo...

Background: Developmental and behavioral disorders are the most prevalent problems in children after infection and trauma. Growth and development are influenced by genetic, social and environmental factors that incept of the early life of the fetal and neonatal periods. Due to the importance of the development in children, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between growth in...

The paper provides a computer-aided means of ensurin 0 that a proposed multiple-floor building is shaped so that the time that people need to move around inside the building is minimized. The metric that captures this is the mean trip time. This is lower, for example, on a square floor than on an elongated floor of the same area. Spreadsheet formulae are provided to identify the number and shap...

This paper proposes a scheme for indoor positioning by fusing floor map, WiFi and smartphone sensor data to provide meter-level positioning without additional infrastructure. A topology-constrained K nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm based on a floor map layout provides the coordinates required to integrate WiFi data with pseudo-odometry (P-O) measurements simulated using a pedestrian dead recko...

There is an urgent need to evaluate the environmental impacts of both traditional and more recent innovations in sustainable building materials. This study conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) single three-storey (aboveground) terrace Ireland composed three timber-framed residential workplace units. The supply raw materials, their transport manufacturing site, processes for materials used ac...