The paper by Lynch et al is intended to cast doubt on the importance to health of social capital, relative income and psychosocial pathways, and to gain support for a view of the continued importance of absolute income and of “neomaterial” factors. Before answering specific points I should draw attention to two new studies that support the importance of relative income over absolute income in r...

The paper by Lynch et al is intended to cast doubt on the importance to health of social capital, relative income and psychosocial pathways, and to gain support for a view of the continued importance of absolute income and of “neomaterial” factors. Before answering specific points I should draw attention to two new studies that support the importance of relative income over absolute income in r...

OBJECTIVE Every Western nation expends vast sums on health, especially for cancer; thus, the question is how efficient is the UK in reducing adult (55-74) cancer mortality rates and total mortality rates (TMR) compared to the other Western nations in the context of economic-input to health, the percentage of Gross-Domestic-Product-expenditure-on-Health. DESIGN WHO mortality rates for baseline...

Without fundamental changes healthcare costs will continue to accelerate faster than the gross domestic product while consuming larger portions of individual and corporate incomes. Although the problems are widely acknowledged, we believe that there is an underappreciated defect driving these undesirable events. The essence of that defect is that the major portion of the money is outside the co...

In this paper, we present a micro estimate detennining taxable income as a function of gross income and all major deduction options depending on ho~sehold and asset categories. It is shown that tax savings strongly increase with ulcreasing income, resulting in a decreasing effective marginal tax rate for the highest income groups. We compute a lower bound on 1983 aggregate income tax losses' to...

A strictly risk-averse individual with an exogenous gross income in period one can acquire human capital in the same period and evade taxes. Period-two income rises with educational investments in period one and can also be hidden from tax authorities. It is shown that a greater tax deductibility of educational investments and higher individual ability induce a positive correlation between tax ...

The evidentiary data detailing the economic state of low-income developing and least developed countries (‘LDCs) is both well known and relatively uncontroversial. On the whole, these nations can be characterised as having a low per capita gross domestic product (‘GDP’), unfortunate standards of living and extremely poor levels of health and services. Moreover, these nations have high levels of...

Reconciling the aims of feeding an ever more demanding human population and conserving biodiversity is a difficult challenge. Here, we explore potential solutions by assessing whether land sparing (farming for high yield, potentially enabling the protection of non-farmland habitat), land sharing (lower yielding farming with more biodiversity within farmland) or a mixed strategy would result in ...

Introduction: Child mortality indices are key element that reflects health Status of societies and inform policy makers to take suitable policies to reduce them. This study was performed to examine the main determinants of under-5 mortality rate (U5MR) in OECD countries in two cross-sections, 2010 and 2013, and the results of them was compared. Material and Methods: This was a cross- sectional ...