The principal hormones involved in calcium metabolism and bone remodeling are parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D (D3). Other hormones, such as the thyroid hormones, growth hormone, androgens, estrogens, and the glucocorticoids also influence mineral homeostasis and bone metabolism. The three primary target tissues for these hormones are bone, kidney, and intestine. These three...

In its modern conception, biotechnology is the use of genetic engineering techniques to manipulate microorganisms, plants, and animals in order to produce commercial products and processes that benefit man. These techniques, which are the backbone of the biotechnological revolution that began in the mid 1970s, have permitted the isolation and manipulation of specific genes and the development o...