The H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus is one of the greatest threats to global poultry industry. To develop broadly protective H5 subunit vaccine, a recombinant consensus HA sequence (rHA) was constructed and expressed in virus-like particles (rHA VLPs) in the baculovirus-insect cell system. The efficacy of the rHA VLPs vaccine with or without immunopotentiator (CVCVA5) ...

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) caused by the H5N1 subtype has given rise to serious damage in poultry industries in Asia. The virus has expanded its geographical range to Europe and Africa, posing a great risk to human health as well. For the control of avian influenza, a rapid diagnosis by detecting the causative virus and identifying its subtype is essential. In the present study, a...

Efficient replication of plus-strand RNA viruses requires a 3' proximal core promoter and an increasingly diverse inventory of supporting elements such as enhancers, repressors, and 5' terminal sequences. While core promoters have been well characterized, much less is known about structure-functional relationships of these supporting elements. Members of the genus Carmovirus family Tombusvirida...

In Egypt, ducks kept for commercial purposes constitute the second highest poultry population, at 150 million ducks/year. Hence, ducks play an important role in the introduction and transmission of avian influenza (AI) in the Egyptian poultry population. Attempts to control outbreaks include the use of vaccines, which have varying levels of efficacy and failure. To date, the effects of vaccine ...

The current definitions of high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI), formulated over 10 years ago, were aimed at including viruses that were overtly virulent in in vivo tests and those that had the potential to become virulent. At that time the only virus known to have mutated to virulence was the one responsible for the 1983-84 Pennsylvania epizootic. The mechanism involved has not been seen ...

Emergence and intercontinental spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5Nx) virus clade 2.3.4.4 is unprecedented. H5N8 and H5N2 viruses have caused major economic losses in the poultry industry in Europe and North America, and lethal human infections with H5N6 virus have occurred in Asia. Knowledge of the evolution of receptor-binding specificity of these viruses, which might affect host...

A serological surveillance programme for avian influenza A virus (AIV) subtype H5 and H7 in poultry was implemented in Poland in 2008-2013 with two main objectives: i) to detect subclinical infections or previous exposures to AIV H5 and H7 subtypes and ii) to demonstrate the AI- free status of Poland. During this period, over 45 000 serum samples from 2833 holdings were examined using the hemag...

Previous studies have implicated histone H5 dephosphorylation as a causal factor in genetic inactivation and chromatin condensation during erythroid senescence in adult chickens. We show that histone H5 phosphorylation declines in two stages as various cohorts of erythroid cells senesce in chick embryos. The first decline occurs between 5 and 6 days and coincides with the senescence of primitiv...