Economic models often imply that certain variables are cointegrated. However, tests often fail to reject the null hypothesis of no cointegration for these variables. One possible explanation of these test results is that the error is unit root nonstationary due to a nonstationary measurement error in one variable. For example, currency held by domestic economic agents for legitimate transaction...

This paper examines the asymptotic properties of the popular within, GLS estimators and the Hausman test for panel data models with both large numbers of cross-section (N) and time-series (T) observations. The model we consider includes the regressors with deterministic trends in mean as well as time invariant regressors. If a time-varying regressor is correlated with time invariant regressors,...

Transgender identities have historically been faced with erasure by the cisgender community, particularly through being forced to use cisgender terminology to define their own non-conforming experiences. This systemic cisgender inscription upon transgender identity is seen clearly through Bernice Hausman’s medicalizing reading of transgender narratives, leading her to falsely conclude that tran...

The primary advantage to panel data is the ability they afford to control for unobserved heterogeneity. The fixed-effects (FE) estimator is by far the most popular technique for exploiting this advantage, but it eliminates any time-invariant regressors along with the unobserved time-invariant effects. Their partial effects can be easily recovered in a second-step regression of residuals, constr...

wetlands as a situ for the growth of native plants, as a habitat for certain species of fish and aquatic birds, and because of their potential economic, cultural and recreational services, are valuable heritage so their protection and conservation is very essential. mostly due to the absence of wetlands services’ valuation, lack of special regulations, and lack of guarantee for these properties...

This paper analyzes the effects of distance as a common determinant of exports and FDI in a three factors New Trade Theory model assuming that distance affects both pure trade costs and plant set-up costs. Exports and FDI are not necessarily substitutes with respect to distance since the predicted sign depends on its importance for fixed plant set-up costs relative to transportation costs. For ...

Patent and antitrust policy are often presumed to be in conflict. As an important example, there is ongoing controversy about whether price discrimination by a patent holder is an illegal or socially undesirable exploitation of monopoly power. In this article. we show that no conflict exists in many price discrimination cases. Even ignoring the (dynamic) effects on incentives for innovation, th...

This paper examines GMM and ML estimation of econometric models and the theory of Hausman tests with sampling weights. Weighted conditional GMM can be more e$cient than weighted conditional MLE, an ine$cient alternative to full information MLE under choice-based sampling, unless regressions have homoscedastic additive disturbances or sampling weights are independent of exogenous variables. GMM ...