Implementations of the heat balance integral method are discussed in which exponential functions are used in place of the familiar polynomial approximants. The rationale is based upon that of least-squares in that the use of ‘appropriate’ basis functions can enhance solution accuracy. Whilst this is true in principle it is shown that considerable skill must be exercised when deviating from poly...

Th is paper discusses human thermoregulation and how this relates to health problems during exposure to climatic stress. Th e heat exchange of the body with the environment is described in terms of the heat balance equation which determines whether the body heats up, remains at stable temperature, or cools. Inside the body the thermoregulatory control aims at creating the right conditions of he...

Abstract Recently, one of the authors suggested calculating void fraction, an essential element in thermalhydraulics, working with the ‘thermodynamic’ quality instead of the usual ‘flow’ quality. However, the standard heat balance is currently stated as a function of the ‘flow’ quality. Therefore, we should search a new energy balance between the mixture enthalpy, based on ‘thermodynamic’ quali...

Typical bogs in the boreal forest zone can be characterised by hummock and hollow micro-topography and sparsely vegetated surfaces. Their energy balance has been studied much less than for other types of surface, i.e. fields and forests. Micrometeorological measurements were carried out in central Sweden at two bogs in different summer seasons. From the measured profiles of wind speed, air temp...

In modeling heat transfer in gas-solid processing systems, five interphase thermal processes are to be considered: gas-particle, gas-wall, particle-particle, particle-wall and wall-environment. In systems with intensive motion of particles, the particle-particle and particle-wall heat transfers occur through inter-particle and particle-wall collisions so that both experimental and modeling stud...

There is little doubt that heat stress a€ects many workers adversely and that protective clothing generally adds to the burden. The ACGIH threshold limit value for heat stress is the guiding document for evaluation of heat stress in the United States. Adjustment factors have been used to re ̄ect the change in heat stress imposed by di€erent clothing ensembles. While the ®rst proposed factors sta...

A heat pump in combination with an aquifer has high promise generating heat and cold for user comfort efficiently within buildings. To guarantee favourable annual performance of the heat pump in future, it is important that the energy supplied to the aquifer is in balance. This paper demonstrates how a multi-agent approach can be applied to preserve this balance while delivering the exact amoun...

Human thermoregulatory control during heat stress has been studied at rest, during exercise and more recently during exercise recovery. Heat balance in the body is maintained by changes in the rate of heat loss via adjustments in skin blood flow and sweating. Independent of thermal control, the actions of nonthermal factors have important consequences in the control of heat loss responses durin...