A rapid, simple method based on graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry is described for the direct determination of arsenic in coal fly ash. Solid samples were directly introduced into the atomizer without preliminary treatment. The direct analysis method was not always free of spectral matrix interference, but the stabilization of arsenic by adding palladium nitrate (chemical modifier...

Quench hardening is the process of strengthening and hardening ferrous metals and alloys by heating the material to a specific temperature to form austenite (austenitization), followed by rapid cooling (quenching) in water, brine or oil to introduce a hardened phase called martensite. The material is then often tempered to increase toughness, as it may decrease from the quench hardening process...

Modern heating furnaces use combined modes of the charge. At high temperatures, more radiation is used; at lower convection used. In large furnaces, such as pusher it necessary to monitor material zonally. Zonal allows appropriate thermal regime be set in each zone, according desired parameters for The problem furnace optimum so that end heating, after has been cross-sectioned, there a uniform ...

In this review the range of evidentiary materials that may be successfully examined by pyrolysis gas chromatography is emphasized. Initial sections briefly discuss the main types of commercially available pyrolyzers, i.e., inductively heated devices (Curie point), those employing resistive heating, and furnace pyrolyzers. Sample introduction methods and the effects of various pyrolysis paramete...

The spectra were recorded by a FTIR spectrometer (Brucker Equinox 55) with a MCT detector at an optical resolution of 2 cm-1 and 2 level zero-filling. For the accelerated ageing tests the quartz reaction chamber with ZnSe optic windows was placed in the sample compartment of the spectrometer. The chamber was equipped with an electric furnace enabling heating in the broad temperature range (to 9...