The persistence of measles virus in selected areas of the brains of four patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) was characterized by immunohistological and biochemical techniques. The five measles virus structural proteins were never simultaneously detectable in any of the brain sections. Nucleocapsid proteins and phosphoproteins were found in every diseased brain area, wherea...

The Canine Distemper is one of the main infectious diseases in domestic dogs. introduction live attenuated-viral vaccines has helped to maintain disease under control. However, past few decades it been observed worldwide a rising number cases even vaccinated animals. Virus lineages circulating world have described based on hemagglutinin analyses, due its high degree genetic variability. Recentl...

Abstract Excessive inflammation is a postulated cause of severe disease and death in respiratory virus infections. In response to influenza infection, adoptively transferred naïve hemagglutinin-specific CD4 +T cells from +TCR-transgenic 6.5 mice drive an IFN-γ-producing Th1 wild-type mice. It helps clearance but also causes collateral damage aggravation. The donor have all the with TCR specific...

background and aims: hemagglutinin (ha) protein of avian influenza (ai) plays an essential role in the virus pathogenicity. ai h9n2 subtype causes significant economic loss in broiler and layer in poultry farms in iran. ai viruses have a great involvement in evolutionary changes at nucleotide and amino acid levels and vaccines could induce faster rates of such changes. up-dated understanding of...

Effective endosomal escape after cellular uptake represents a major challenge in the field of nanodelivery, as majority drug payloads must localize to subcellular compartments other than endosomes order exert activity. In nature, viruses can readily deliver their genetic material cytosol host cells by triggering membrane fusion endocytosis. For influenza A virus, hemagglutinin (HA) protein foun...

The Canine Distemper is one of the main infectious diseases in domestic dogs. introduction live attenuated-viral vaccines has helped to maintain disease under control. However, past few decades it been observed worldwide a rising number cases even vaccinated animals. canine distemper virus lineages circulating world have described based on hemagglutinin analyses, due its high degree genetic var...

The Gram-negative bacterium Pasteurella multocida is the causative agent of a number of economically important animal diseases, including avian fowl cholera. Numerous P. multocida virulence factors have been identified, including capsule, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and filamentous hemagglutinin, but little is known about how the expression of these virulence factors is regulated. Hfq is an RNA-b...