We examined the effect of incorporation of molecular markers on variability between and within populations in order to maximize heterotic effects and longevity of a maize reciprocal recurrent selection program. Molecular variability was quantified by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers between and within the maize populations Cimmyt and Piranão in the 10th cycle of a reciprocal re...

Maize (Zea mays L.) serves as model plant for heterosis research and is the crop where hybrid breeding was pioneered. We analyzed genomic and phenotypic data of 1254 hybrids of a typical maize hybrid breeding program based on the important Dent × Flint heterotic pattern. Our main objectives were to investigate genome properties of the parental lines (e.g., allele frequencies, linkage disequilib...

Anomalous U(1) gauge symmetries appear frequently both in heterotic and type I/type II string theory. In the heterotic case we find at most a single anomalous U(1), while in open string theories several such symmetries can appear. We review the properties of the anomalous gauge bosons, the appearance of Fayet-Iliopoulos terms and the concept of heterotic-type I duality. Phenomenological applica...

We suggest that the (2,0) six dimensional field theory compactified on S × K3 is the Matrix model description of both M-theory on K3 and the Heterotic string on T . This proposal is different from existing proposals for the Heterotic theory. Different limits of the base space geometry give the different space-time interpretations, making Mtheory/Heterotic duality manifest. We also present parti...

The quantum consistency of sigma–models describing the dynamics of extended objects in a curved background requires the cancellation of their world–volume anomalies, which are conformal anomalies for the heterotic string and SO(1, 5) Lorentz–anomalies for the heterotic five–brane, and of their ten dimensional target space anomalies. In determining these anomalies in a D = 10 Lorentz–covariant b...

Global geometry of K3-fibration Calabi-Yau threefolds, with Hodge number h 2,1 = r, is used to define N = 4 softly broken SU(r + 1) gauge theories, with the bare coupling constant given by the dual heterotic dilaton, and the mass of the adjoint hypermultiplet given by the heterotic string tension. The U(r +1) Donagi-Witten integrable model is also derived from the K3-fibration structure, with t...

The emergence of high-throughput, high-density genotyping methods combined with increasingly powerful computing systems has created opportunities to further discover and exploit the genes controlling agronomic performance in elite maize breeding populations. Understanding the genetic basis of population structure in an elite set of materials is an essential step in this genetic discovery proces...