The subfornical organ (SFO) is one of circumventricular organs characterized by the lack of a normal blood brain barrier. The SFO neurons are exposed to circulating glutamate (60~100 µM), which may cause excitotoxicity in the central nervous system. However, it remains unclear how SFO neurons are protected from excitotoxicity caused by circulating glutamate. In this study, we compared the gluta...

introduction: the present study evaluated morphological changes of ca1 hippocampal neurons following transient bilateral common carotid and permanent left middle cerebral arteries occlusion, also the neuroprotective effects of aspirin i.p injection was inducing assessed after ischemia in male rat. material and methods: in this experiment, 4 groups of animals were used including; control, sham, ...

The production of estradiol within the brain, that is, neuroestradiol (nE2), is widely documented. nE2 deeply impacts adult brain physiology and synaptic plasticity. In hippocampus, a region essential for cognitive function, multiple cellular sources, targets have been identified. impact in excitatory inhibitory neurotransmission suggests role regulated synthesis coordination activity different...

Opto-Hydrodynamic Diatombot In article number 2301365, Baojun Li, Hongbao Xin, and co-workers report a wake-riding effect-inspired opto-hydrodynamic diatombot for non-invasive trapping removal of nano-biothreats with sizes down to sub-100 nm such as adenoviruses, pathogenic bacteria, mycoplasmas. This can be directly used in cell cultures, without affecting culturing cells including precious hi...

Distinct neuronal populations show differential sensitivity to global ischemia, with hippocampal CA1 neurons showing greater vulnerability compared to cortical neurons. The mechanisms that underlie differential vulnerability are unclear, and we hypothesize that intrinsic differences in neuronal cell biology are involved. Dendritic spine morphology changes in response to ischemic insults in vivo...

Brain ischemia causes oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) in neurons, triggering a cascade of events leading to synaptic accumulation of glutamate. Excessive activation of glutamate receptors causes excitotoxicity and delayed cell death in vulnerable neurons. Following global cerebral ischemia, hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons are more vulnerable to injury than their cortical counterparts, bu...

Mice lacking Carboxypeptidase E (CPE) exhibit degeneration of hippocampal neurons caused by stress at weaning while over-expression of CPE in hippocampal neurons protect them against hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death. Here we demonstrate that CPE acts as an extracellular trophic factor to protect neurons. Rat hippocampal neurons pretreated with purified CPE protected the cells against hydrog...