Can part of Africa’s current underdevelopment be explained by its slave trades? To explore this question empirically, I combined data from ship records with data from various historical documents reporting slave ethnicities, and construct estimates of the number of slaves exported from each country during Africa’s slave trades between 1400 and 1900. I find a strong robust negative correlation b...

With the increasing number of documents that are available in digital form, also the number of digital historical documents is increasing (Berkvens, 2001). It cannot be assumed that standard IR systems perform well on historical documents: historical texts differ from modern texts in three ways (Hüning, 1996; Van Der Horst and Marschall, 1989): (a) vocabularies have changed, (b) spelling has ch...

this study aims at ascertaining a framework that would account for the persian data. we scrutinize all data occurring in the selected corpus, and describe how they usually work on the basis of the two following variables: power and intimacy. according to our investigation, the use of terms of address in persian is affected by age, sex, occupation, ideology, political and social position of the ...

garshasp has peregrinated an agelong path from avesta epoch to the time of preparation of old historical context and iran’s national epic. garshasp, who is the unique hero of iran’s old mythology, that his brave acts, such as killing the dragon and ogre lobbing are important parts of the heroic themes included in the avesta, through the advent of pahlavi literary context because of reasons such...

counterfactual analysis is concerned with explaining events that have not happened. counterfactuals are mental experiments through which one can reconstruct hypothetical versions of the history in one’s mind; these versions are relatively different from the real history, but provide one with the opportunity to test historical hypotheses against the available evidence. historicist researchers in...