The bovine lentivirus, known as bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (BIV), is genetically, structurally, and antigenically related to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). It is not known whether sera from persons exposed to BIV proteins would show either positive or indeterminate reactivity on HIV-1 antibody tests. We used a BIV Western blot (immunoblot) analysis to examine human sera ch...

background co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) is common due to shared routes of transmission, as reported approximately 10% of 33 million hiv-infected patients worldwide are chronically infected with hbv. mutations of hbsag especially within the “a” determinant could alter the antigenicity of the protein, causing failure of hbsag neutralization and ...

we tried to evaluate prevalence and characteristics of iranian hiv infected patients with retinitis due to opportunistic infections. in this cross sectional study, we evaluated 106 hiv infected patients via indirect ophthalmoscopy and slit lamp examination by 90 lens to find retinitis cases. general information and results of ophthalmologic examination were analyzed. prevalence of retinitis due...

HIV/CMV co-infected persons despite prolonged viral suppression often experience persistent immune activation, have an increased frequency of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. We examined how HIV MDSC control CD4+ T cell IFNγ response to a CMVpp65 peptide pool (CMVpp65). We show that HIV/CMV co-infected persons with virologic suppressi...

T cell anergy, apoptosis, and chronic activation of T lymphocytes are prevailing features of HIV infection. The inability to develop an efficient natural antiviral activity in infected patients might be the consequence of a failure of the Ag presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) in chronically activated lymphoid tissues. We have identified a new phenothiazine derivative aminoperazine (APR; 2-am...

Nef is one of the five so-called auxiliary genes of primate lentiviruses, a group that also includes vif, vpr, vpu (in HIV-1 and SIVCPZ), and vpx (in HIV-2 and other SIV strains). Inactivating these genes does not completely prevent viral replication in cell culture (reviewed in (Cullen, 1998)), but studies conducted both in SIV-infected monkeys and in HIV-infected individuals have revealed tha...

The fate of HIV-infected cells after reversal of proviral latency is not well characterized. Simonetti, et al. recently showed that CD4+ T-cells containing intact proviruses can clonally expand in vivo and produce low-level infectious viremia. We hypothesized that reversal of HIV latency by activation of CD4+ T-cells can lead to the expansion of a subset of virus-producing cells rather than the...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been associated with cardiac disease, including anatomical or functional disturbance to the heart. Cardiomyopathy (CMP) is one of these disturbances that have been associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. In this review article, several aspects of potential relationships between HIV infection and cardiomyopathy development have been...

HIV-1 infection is associated with B-cell abnormalities, such as hypergammaglobulinemia, poor immunization responses, and loss of serologic memory. To determine whether altered expression of chemokine receptors and their ligands may play a role in B-cell dysfunctions during HIV-1 infection, the expression of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), CXCR5, and CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) and their r...

Freshly isolated B lymphocytes from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), in contrast to B cells from normal controls, were shown to induce viral expression in two cell lines : ACH-2, a T cell line, and Ul, a promonocytic cell line, which are chronically infected with HIV, as well as in autologous T cells . In 10 out of 10 HIVinfected individuals with hypergammaglobulinemia...