A new functional biopolymer was synthesized through an ionic liquid-mediated homogeneous grafting of cinnamic anhydride to xylans. The ionic liquid used was 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AMIMCl) ionic liquid. Xylans with degrees of substitution (DS) between 0.11 and 0.57 were accessible in a completely homogeneous system by changing catalysts (NaOH, KOH and LiOH), time, reaction tempera...

The second and fourth harmonics of low frequency electric field-induced liquid crystal reorientations are analyzed theoretically and confirming results observed experimentally. These transient dynamic optical responses manifest when the phase of a homogeneous cell is nearby Np or ðN 2Þp, where N is an integer. These ripples would influence the grayscales of liquid crystal devices if the driving...

Current atmospheric general circulation models parameterize cloud-radiation effects through relationships that are based on the assumption that a model grid is partly clear and the remaining area is filled with a homogeneous cloud layer. The optical properties of this homogeneous layer are related to cloud microphysical quantities such as the liquid water path and effective drop radius which in...

Trajectories are given that describe the evolution of the ellipse of polarization in the complex plane for light propagating in a homogeneous anisotropic medium and along the helical axis of a cholesteric liquid crystal. For the general homogeneous anisotropic medium that exhibits combined birefringence and dichroism the trajectory is a spiral that converges to the low-absorption eigenpolarizat...