Ultraviolet (UV) radiation affects human life and UV exposure is a significant everyday factor that individuals must be aware of to ensure minimal damaging biological effects to themselves. UV exposure is affected by many complex factors. Albedo is one factor, involving reflection from flat surfaces. Albedo is defined as the ratio of reflected (upwelling) irradiance to incident (downwelling) ir...

This paper presents a numerical study on fatigue life prediction of helicopter composite tail structure under multipoint coordinated loading spectrum. The FE model full-scale was established and then validated with the experimental results strain displacement distributions. Good agreement has been achieved between simulation experiments two static conditions representing left yawing two-point h...

on 11th of august 2012 the region was surprisingly struck by a shallow mw 6.4 (usgs) earthquake with pure right-lateral strike-slip character only about 50 km north of the north-tabriz fault. an east-west striking surface rupture of about 20 km length was observed in the field by geological survey of iran. only 11 minutes later and about 6 km further nw a second shallow event with mw 6.2 occurr...

An ionic current model of the retinal horizontal cell is constructed. The horizontal cell models are interconnected by gap junctions to form a horizontal cell layer. The light response properties of the L-type horizontal cell are analyzed using this model. We demonstrate the functional role of each ionic current and the role of the feedback loop between cones and horizontal cells. The present s...

We describe a stochastic birth-and-death model of evolution of horizontally transferred genes in microbial populations. The model is a generalization of the stochastic model described by Berg and Kurland and includes five parameters: the rate of mutational inactivation, selection coefficient, invasion rate (i.e., rate of arrival of a novel sequence from outside of the recipient population), wit...

In this paper, A joint Spectrum allocation, horizontal/vertical Handover and opportunistic multi-hop Routing Protocol (SHARP) is proposed to address a few of the most important challenges of multi-hop ad-hoc, fixed or vehicular cognitive radio networks, such as, maximization of spectrum utilization and throughput. Utilizing the proposed joint velocity and average received power (ARP) estimation...

Doubly diffusive processes play a fundamental role in many physical phenomena of substantial geophysical and astrophysical importance. Despite much research basic questions, e.g. how primary and secondary instabilities saturate and how mean fields are generated, remain unresolved. In the salt-finger regime, we use a systematic asymptotic procedure to reduce the primitive equations to a prognost...