objective(s): the present study investigated the effects of microinjection of histamine and histamine h1, h2, and h3 receptor antagonists, chlorpheniramine, ranitidine and thioperamide, respectively into the primary somatosensory cortex (psc) on inflammatory pain.   material and methods: two stainless steel guide canulas were bilaterally implanted into the psc of anaesthetized rats. inflammator...

statement of the problem: various researchers have suggested the use of β2-adrenergic receptor antagonists in prevention or treatment of bone resorption. purpose: this study aimed to evaluate the effect of β2-adrenergic receptor antagonists on number of osteoclasts and osteoblasts involved in the healing of extraction socket of maxillary first molar in rats. materials and method: maxillary firs...

We have investigated the mechanisms underlying regulation of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) cell-specific enhancer. Recently, we reported that this enhancer is inhibited by serotonin type-1 (5-HT1) agonists, similar to currently used antimigraine drugs. We have now tested whether this repression involves a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway. We first demonstrate that the...

Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models were employed for prediction the activity of P2X7 receptor antagonists. A data set consisted of 50 purine derivatives was utilized in the model construction where 40 and 10 of these compounds were in the training and test sets respectively. A suitable group of calculated molecular descriptors was selected by employing stepwise multiple ...

Losartan potassium, Valsartan , Telmisartan and Irbesartan are angiotensin-II-receptor antagonists (ARA II) group which used in treatment of hypertension alone or in combination with other drugs mainly Hydrochlorothiazide. RP- HPLC method was developed for the assay of three angiotensin-II-receptor antagonists (ARA-IIs) in presence of Hydrochlorothiazide. The method was performed by reversed ph...

In this study the effect of adrenergic receptor agonists and antagonists on physostigmine induced yawning was investigated. Intraperitoneal injection of different doses of physostigmine (0.03, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) caused yawning in white rats. The greatest response was seen at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg physostigmine. Phenylephrine, an α1 agonist, and clonidine, an α2 agonist, led to a decrease in...

We have investigated the control of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression by a serotonergic agonist that is related pharmacologically to currently used antimigraine drugs. During migraines, CGRP levels are elevated but then returned to normal by a 5-HT1 receptor agonist, sumatriptan. However, neither the molecular nor cellular targets of this drug are known. Trigeminal neurons are t...

Quantitative in vitro autoradiography was used to determine and compare the areal and laminar distribution of the major dopaminergic, adrenergic, and serotonergic neurotransmitter receptors in 4 cytoarchitectonic regions of the prefrontal cortex (Walker's areas 12, 46, 9, and 25) in adult rhesus monkeys. The selective ligands, 3H-SCH-23390, 3H-raclopride, 3H-prazosin, and 3H-clonidine were used...

In the present study, the effects of caerulein and CCK receptor antagonist< on tolerance to the anti-pentylenetetrazol activity of diazepam has been studied. Different doses of diazepam (20, 30, 35, 40 and 50 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally for a period of 6 days in order to induce tolerance to diazepam. 48 h after the last dose of diazepam, a test dose of diazepam was tested for...