The encryption algorithms are designed to provide integrity and confidentiality of the messages. Modern cryptosystems are classified into three categories such as Block ciphers, Stream cipher and Hybrid ciphers of Hummingbird. This paper details about various types of block ciphers and stream ciphers. In this paper we also present the hybrid model of hummingbird and its comparison among other c...

In this paper we propose a sub-block retransmission scheme for ARQ and hybrid ARQ schemes. When the channel is quiet the sub-block retransmission scheme behaves like a conventional ARQ or hybrid ARQ scheme. As the channel is becoming noisy, the data block is divided into small sub-blocks for transmission. Each sub-block is encoded for error control by an appropriate shortened code and the code ...

This paper illustrates the application of hybrid modeling and optimal control to the problem of air-to-fuel ratio and torque control in advanced technology gasoline direct injection stratified charge (DISC) engines. DISC engines have two discrete modes of operation, stratified and homogeneous, and their dynamic behavior can be easily captured by a hybrid model. We show that the design flow (hyb...

In this paper, a self starting two step continuous block hybrid formulae (CBHF) with four Off-step points is developed using collocation and interpolation procedures. The CBHF is then used to produce multiple numerical integrators which are of uniform order and are assembled into a single block matrix equation. These equations are simultaneously applied to provide the approximate solution for t...

This paper presents a complete video codec which supports both block-based and mesh-based motion compensation modes. While the mesh-based modes are suitable for spatially continuous representation of in-plane rotations, zooms, and other motions that can be represented by parametric mappings; the block-based modes (especially overlapped block matching) perform better around motion boundaries. Th...

Polymorphic parasite antigens are known targets of protective immunity to malaria, but this antigenic variation poses challenges to vaccine development. A synthetic MSP-1 Block 2 construct, based on all polymorphic variants found in natural Plasmodium falciparum isolates has been designed, combined with the relatively conserved Block 1 sequence of MSP-1 and expressed in E.coli. The MSP-1 Hybrid...

In this paper, self-starting block hybrid method of order (5,5,5,5) is proposed for the solution of the special second order ordinary differential equations with associated initial or boundary conditions. The continuous hybrid formulations enable us to differentiate and evaluate at some grids and off – grid points to obtain four discrete schemes, which were used in block form for parallel or se...

rice is among the most important food crops throughout the world. hybrid rice benefits from about a 30 percent yield advantage over the conventional pure line varieties and this phenomenon can play an important role in fighting world hunger. to diminish the damage of rice pests, development of insect pest management strategies in hybrid rice is necessary. this study was aimed at evaluating the ...

this research has been done for studying the effect of split application of nitrogen fertilizer on growth indexes and yield of three hybrids of grain corn in shahrood. a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications was carried out in 2007. three hybrids of corn (double cross 370, single cross 447, single cross 499) were placed in main plots and split ap...