Every year, millions of tons food and beverage waste are thrown away unused around the world. The carbohydrates found in create a raw material potential for production high value-added products that used energy, feed pharmacology. One these products, 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5-HMF), is by-product simple dehydration carbohydrates. It finds wide use field pharmacy due to its anticancer, antifu...

5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) and levulinic acid production from glucose in a cascade of reactions using a Lewis acid (CrCl3) catalyst together with a Brønsted acid (HCl) catalyst in aqueous media is investigated. It is shown that CrCl3 is an active Lewis acid catalyst in glucose isomerization to fructose, and the combined Lewis and Brønsted acid catalysts perform the isomerization and dehydr...

Black garlic is a processed food product obtained by subjecting whole raw garlic to thermal processing that causes chemical reactions, such as the Maillard reaction, which change the composition of the garlic. In this paper, we report a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based comprehensive analysis of raw garlic and black garlic extracts to determine the compositional changes resulting from ther...

Tualang honey (TH) is a Malaysian multifloral jungle honey. In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the number of studies published in medical databases regarding its potential health benefits. The honey is produced by the rock bee (Apis dorsata), which builds hives on branches of tall Tualang trees located mainly in the north-western region of Peninsular Malaysia. This review coll...

A model solution of orange juice was prepared and stored. Factors affecting browning and formation of such decomposition products as 3-hydroxy-2-pyrone (3OH2P), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), furfural, 5-hydroxymaltol, and 2-furoic acid were examined. Ascorbic acid (AsA) was essential for browning, which was stimulated by amino acids and citric acid, and repressed by chelators and radical scave...

The conversion of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (5-HMF) into 2,5-dimethylfuran (2,5-DMF) via cascade hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis over metallic catalysts has been considered a promising method to produce high-energy-content biofuel. Understanding the adsorption reactants, reactions, desorption byproducts is essential for developing efficient selective catalysts. Herein, most plausible reaction ...

The objective of this project is to develop a process for the parallel production of ethanol and cellulose in a pulp mill, by applying a prehydrolysis step to softwood chips to extract hexose sugars for their subsequent fermentation in ethanol. Two kinds of pretreatments were compared, an acid hydrolysis and a two-step treatment composed of an autohydrolysis and a post-hydrolysis of the resulti...

Efficient utilisation of renewable biomass resources, particularly lignocellulosic biomass, for the production of chemicals and fuels has attracted much attention in recent years. The catalytic conversion of cellulose, the main component of lignocellulosic biomass, selectively into a platform chemical such as glucose, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), sorbitol or gluconic acid under mild conditio...

In this study, the kinetics of the acid catalyzed hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH101) to levulinic (LA) and formic (FA) acids was investigated in a batch reactor over the following range of conditions: 160–200 C, hydrochloric acid concentrations of 0.309–0.927 M (11.3–33.8 g/l), cellulose concentrations of 49.8–149 mM (8.06–24.1 g/l), and residence times of 0–50 min. The max...