In female, energy metabolism influences reproductive function by modulating the Hypothalamic Pituitary Ovarian axis including hypothalamic GnRH neuronal network, pituitary gonadotropin secretion and ovarian follicle growth steroidogenesis. Several hormones neuropeptides or metabolites are important signals between balance reproduction. These sensors mediate their action on cells through specifi...

Glucocorticoids have been belonged to the most widely and commonly used immune modulatory drugs in autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. The anti-inflammatory and immune suppressant mechanisms have been described. However, the glucocorticoids have paracrine and autocrine manner, acting at local tissue level and that is called as “tissue-specific” glucocorticoids. Those have a significant role...

The craniopharyngiomas are solid cystic suprasellar tumors that can present extension to adjacent structures, conditioning pituitary and hypothalamic dysfunction. Within hypothalamic neuroendocrine dysfunction, we can find obesity, behavioral changes, disturbed circadian rhythm and sleep irregularities, imbalances in the regulation of body temperature, thirst, heart rate and/or blood pressure a...

The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis is suppressed by pro-inflammatory mediators in systemic disease, which affects the thyroid hormone level. Canine parvovirus one of important infectious diseases causes profound morbidity as well mortality dogs. It found that canine infection can result non-thyroidal sickness syndrome. relation between pathology and will pave way for therapeutic preventive...

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin that plays significant role in the survival and development of neurons, being involved several diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease major depression disorder. The association between BDNF depressive disorder subject extensive research. Indeed, numerous studies indicate decreased levels are linked to an increased occurrence symptoms, neu...

A considerable amount of evidence shows that reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the mammalian brain are directly responsible for cell and tissue function and dysfunction. Excessive reactive oxygen species contribute to various conditions including inflammation, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative diseases, tumor formation, and mental disorders such as depression. Increased intracellular calcium ...

Abst rac t Objective: To review the literature on the interaction between sleep and the immune system. Method: A search on Web of Science and Pubmed database including the keywords sleep, sleep deprivation, stress, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, immune system, and autoimmune diseases. Results: On Web of Science, 588 publications were retrieved; 61 references, more significant and closer t...

Dietary excess triggers accumulation of pro-inflammatory microglia in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), but the components of this microgliosis and its metabolic consequences remain uncertain. Here, we show that microglial inflammatory signaling determines the immunologic response of the MBH to dietary excess and regulates hypothalamic control of energy homeostasis in mice. Either pharmacologi...

Central diabetes insipidus (DI) can be the outcome of a number of diseases that affect the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal axis. The causes of the condition can be classified as traumatic, inflammatory, or neoplastic. Traumatic causes include postoperative sella or transection of the pituitary stalk, while infectious or inflammatory causes include meningitis, lymphocytic hypophysitis, and granulo...