Clouds composed of both ice particles and supercooled liquid water droplets exist at temperatures above ∼236 K. These mixed phase clouds, which strongly impact climate, are very sensitive to the presence of solid particles that can catalyse freezing. In this paper we describe experiments to determine the conditions at which the clay mineral kaolinite nucleates ice when immersed within water dro...

Clinical studies have reported that body core temperature decreases during prolonged anesthesia. Though this finding has been attributed primarily to increased heat loss resulting from exposure of body cavities and infusion of cold solutions, it is generally recognized that anesthesia possibly interferes with the thermoregulatory system. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether m...

Background: Maintaining internal body temperature is critical for the runner’s performance. The inability to reduce rising may result in hyperthermia and muscle fatigue. Pre-cooling lower core temperature, allowing greater heat storage during exercise delaying thermally-induced fatigue, as well increased motor output through decrease electrical activity by cooling muscles. Furthermore, there ha...