Probabilistically checkable debate systems (PCDSs) are debates between two competing provers, in which a polynomial-time verifier inspects a constant number of bits of the debate. It was shown by Condon, Feigenbaum, Lund, and Shor that every language in PSPACE has a PCDS in which the debate length is polynomially bounded. Using this result, they showed that the approximation versions of some na...

the philosophy of biology has existed as a distinct sub-discipline within the philosophy of science for about thirty years. the rapid growth of the field has mirrored that of the biological sciences in the same period. today the discipline is well represented in the leading journals in philosophy of science, as well as in several specialist journals. there have been two generations of textbooks...

Social networks can be a very successful tool to engage users discuss relevant topics for society. However, there are also some dangers that associated with them, such as the emergence of polarization in online discussions. Recently, has been growing interest try understand this phenomenon, consider harmful concerning building healthy society which citizens get used polite discussions and even ...

In anticipation of the US Presidential debate on Monday, September 26, 2016, let’s look at a mathematical model for debates, developed by Dickson, Hafer and Landa [1]. We begin by asking what is the purpose of debates? From the point of view of each candidate, it is, of course, to convince listeners to vote for him/her. Thus we should concentrate on listeners who have not yet decided for whom t...

Many r u l e s of fo rma l debate are w e l l documented, of common knowledge, and " l ooked -up " in p r e p a r a t i o n f o r planned deba t i ng . I n f o r m a l debates, on the o ther hand, are h i g h l y dynamic, are complex, and are spontaneously generated w i t h no p r i o r r u l e -book p r e p a r a t i o n . They t o o , however, are r u l e g o v e r n e d . In t h i s paper I ...

identity has emerged gradually within contemporary debates in social science and has led to vivid debates in international relations. the aim of this article is to show how identity, or identity-oriented approach, may affect fundamental theoretical concepts of ir. at first the importance of identity in theoretical and meta-theoretical debates in ir is discussed. then identity itself is conceptu...