BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking habit usually begins in adolescence. The developing countries in South Asia like Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Nepal, where the largest segment of the population is comprised of adolescents, are more susceptible to smoking epidemic and its consequences. Therefore, it is important to identify the association between anti-smoking initiatives and current smoking sta...

1. The history of US–Indian relations 1.1 1947-1990: The Cold War era US–Indian economic relations were never insignificant following India's independence, but mutual understanding was lost during the Cold War system, resulting in suppressed progress in the bilateral economic relationship. As a result of India's adoption of a parliamentary democracy after independence, the US assumed that as a ...

Quite a few studies have documented the evolution of monsoon synoptic systems and midlatitude atmospheric blocking associated with the recent heavy precipitation and floods over northwest Pakistan during 2010. This period also witnessed a very unusual Indo-Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) evolution with a strong La Niña event in the Pacific, substantial Indian Ocean warming, and a negative...

This paper analyzes empirically the effect of crude oil price change on the economic growth of Indian-Subcontinent (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh). We use a multivariate Vector Autoregressive analysis followed by Wald Granger causality test and Impulse Response Function (IRF). Wald Granger causality test results show that only India’s economic growth is significantly affected when crude oil pr...

We genetically characterized fowl adenoviruses (serotype 4 FAdV, FAdV-4) isolated from chickens with hydropericardium syndrome (HPS) in Japan by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method coupled with direct sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis based on the part of the hexon gene that included the L1 region revealed that all FAdV-4 isolates from chickens with HPS in Japan were identical and were d...

(1) Why should Pakistan integrate itself into global markets? Why can’t we rely on our own domestic market of 145 million people? (2) If we decide to integrate, this will involve opening up our economy to products from other countries and deprotect our industry. Won’t this lead to de-industrialization of Pakistan? (3) Pakistan has a weak, narrow and inefficient industrial base. How can our indu...

Hottentotta is one of the most widely distributed genera of the family Buthidae, with species present throughout Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and in Asia to Pakistan and India. Recently, Kovarik (2007) revised genus of Hottentotta in the world and reported 29 different species-group name in the genus of Hottentotta. Hottentotta is one of the six medical important scorpions of Iran that distri...

Although there are numerous studies of the dowry phenomenon in India, research pertaining to the custom in the rest of South Asia is sparse. The aim of this paper is to study dowry payments in Pakistan. Several interpretations for dowry are distinguished using a simple theoretical framework and the predictions of this model are tested using recent data from Pakistan. The investigation concludes...

Underreporting of road accidents has been widely accepted as a common phenomenon. In many developing countries this remains a critical problem as inappropriate information regarding road accidents does not provide a base to analyse its root causes. Therefore, effectiveness of implemented interventions are always questionable. In Pakistan, responsibility of collecting initial information regardi...

Urdu is associated with the Muslims of subcontinent region before partition Pakistan and India. It national language one official languages Pakistan. English are spoken, written, understood throughout country, although spoken many regions Pakistan, including local regional languages. For same reason, was declared Pakistan's after country gained independence.Afterwards, certain bodies were estab...