Thrombin is a multifunctional enzyme which has key roles in coagulation cascade and inflammatory events. The pro-inflammatory functions of thrombin occur by different mechanisms including increasing mast cell degranulation, up-regulating the expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and promoting the secretion of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. Dysregulated signaling functions of thro...

Inflammations form an integral part of the innate immunity against pathogenic infections. NF-κB represents a family of inducible transcription factors, which regulates a large array of genes involved in different processes of the immune and inflammatory responses. It is now clear that NF-κB signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of inflammation, contributing to the initiati...

Extract of Harpagophytum procumbens (devil's claw) has become the focus of research as a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of rheumatic arthritis and pain due to its favorable side effects profile compared to synthetic alternatives. This superior safety of treatment is very valuable, especially in view of that in mandatory long duration of therapy in chronic diseases. None of NS...

Fenbendazole (FBZ) is a commonly used anthelmintic in veterinary medicine that has recently been found to have anticancer effects humans. On the other hand, few studies examined anti-inflammatory of FBZ, and its mechanism unknown. In this study, mouse bone marrow cells (BMs) were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), representative inflammation-inducing substance, generate situation similar os...

Background: Inflammatory responses in individuals exposed to sulfur mustard occur in some organs such as lung, skin and eyes. These organs manifest overreaction in cellular and humoral immune responses. Over a long period, the immune responses often continues toward chronic inflammatory processes with some interventions. Obviously some elements have been deregulated. Therefore, this study evalu...