background: influenza virus is a major infectious pathogen of the respiratory system causing a high degree of morbidity and mortality annually. the worldwide vaccines are decided and produced annually by world health organization and licensed companies based on the samples collected from all over the world. the aim of this study was to determine phylogenecity and heterogenecity of the circulati...

Whereas in Europe and North America most of the influenza cases are reported between December and March, in tropical and subtropical regions such as in Brazil [1] or in Hong Kong [2] cases are seen throughout the year. Epidemic peaks in the tropical areas mostly occur in between those found in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. A recent survey over 7 years in Brazil showed that annual peaks...

background: a new pandemic influenza a (h1n1) emerged in april 2009, causing considerable morbidity and mortality. since mutations in the haemagglutinin (ha) may influence the antigenicity and pathogenicity of the virus, continued epidemiological and molecular characterization for the effective control of pandemic flu and developing of more appropriate vaccine is crucial. objective: to monitor ...

results: of 655 samples, 69 (10.53%) had positive results for human influenza a virus, and 5 (0.7%) samples had positive results for influenza b. of those 69 samples with positive results for influenza a viruses, 45 (6.8%) were h3n2, and 24 (3.6%) were h1n1 subtypes. in this study most cases with positive results were less than 20 years. the sample positive included 49% males and 51% females. t...

conclusions: among confirmed patients with influenza a (h1n1), the most common symptoms were sequentially cough, dyspnea, chill and myalgia. pcr did not show high sensitivity in diagnosis of influenza a (h1n1) infection. the risk factor with the highest prevalence was heart disease followedby cigarette smoking and hematologic disorder. the mean age of these patients was about 38. results: rt pc...

Asia is considered an important source of influenza A virus (IAV) pandemics, owing to large, diverse viral reservoirs in poultry and swine. However, the zoonotic origins of the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza pandemic virus (pdmH1N1) remain unclear, due to conflicting evidence from swine and humans. There is strong evidence that the first human outbreak of pdmH1N1 occurred in Mexico in early 2009. Howeve...

Background: World Health Organization declared pandemic phase of human infection with novel influenza A (H1N1) in April 2009. There are very few reports about the neurological complications of H1N1 virus infection in the literature. Occasionally, these complications are severe and even fatal in some individuals. The aims of this study were to report neurological complaints and/or complications ...

background influenza type a (h1n1) causes an epidemic disease, resulting in thousands of deaths throughout the world. objectives our aim was comparing the efficacy of two different methods in isolating the influenza (h1n1) virus including cell culture and real-time pcr in tabriz and suburbs. patients and methods of throat swab samples, 220 were collected in viral transport medium (vtm) from pat...

background and aims: influenza a viruses are important pathogens for humans especially in pandemic episodes. two adamantane derivates, amantadine and rimantadine, are used for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza a virus infections. however, single amino acid substitutions in the m2 transmembrane domain which lead to amantadine resistance of these viruses occur at residues 26, 27, 30, 31 or 3...