Avian influenza A viruses are serious veterinary pathogens that normally circulate among avian populations, causing substantial economic impacts. Some strains of avian influenza A viruses, such as H5N1, H9N2, and recently reported H7N9, have been occasionally found to adapt to humans from other species. In order to replicate efficiently in the new host, influenza viruses have to interact with a...

Department of Virology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands. (Received 14 October 1994; accepted 19 October 1994) the protection from subsequent inthtenza virus infections is controversial. Despite the existence of conserved CTL epitopes present in e.g. the nucleoprotein (NP)‘“*l‘ of influenza virus strains that infect humans in subsequent seasons, th...

Influenza A virus (IAV) is a common respiratory pathogen infecting many hosts including humans, pigs (swine influenza virus or SIV), and birds (avian influenza virus or AIV). Monitoring swine and avian influenza viruses in the wild, farms, and live poultry markets is of great significance for human and veterinary public health. A portable, sensitive, and quantitative immunoassay device will be ...

An epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (bELISA) was developed for the detection of antibodies to influenza A virus in taxonomically diverse domestic and wild vertebrate species. In contrast to the bELISAs published previously that require reagent production, manipulation by the end-user, or have not been evaluated for use with both mammalian and avian species, this assay is perfo...

Of the four pandemic strains of human influenza A virus observed this century, the 1977 virus strain was very similar in all genes to a 1950 isolate. Since mammalian influenza A viruses change annually by genetic drift, this reappearance could only be attributed at that time to conservation of the virus in a frozen state. We report here the isolation of swine influenza A viruses with haemagglut...

Influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP) is a critical factor in the viral infectious cycle in switching influenza virus RNA synthesis from transcription mode to replication mode. In this study, we investigated the interaction of NP with the viral polymerase protein complex. Using coimmunoprecipitation with monospecific or monoclonal antibodies, we observed that NP interacted with the RNP-free polyme...

This study describes the protective efficacy of a novel influenza plasmid DNA vaccine in ferret challenge model. The rationally designed polyvalent encodes haemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins derived from less glycosylated pandemic H1N1 (2009) H3N2 (1968) virus strains as well nucleoprotein (NP) matrix (M1 M2) different (1918) strain. Needle-free intradermal immunisation with protected fe...

The aim of this study was to determine pathomorphological lesions in the organs of birds infected with H5N1 avian influenza virus, presence and distribution of the viral antigen in tissue samples and the degree of their correlation. Examination was conducted on the carcasses of seven mute swans (Cygnus olor) and one domestic rooster (Gallus gallus domesticus). After necropsy, trachea, lungs, li...

Amino acid substitutions have been identified in the influenza A virus nucleoprotein that are associated with escape from recognition by virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). One of these is the arginine-to-glycine substitution at position 384 (R384G). This substitution alone, however, is detrimental to viral fitness, which is overcome in part by the functionally compensating co-mutati...

We have developed a simple and sensitive method for the detection of influenza A virus based on giant magnetoresistance (GMR) biosensor. This assay employs monoclonal antibodies to viral nucleoprotein (NP) in combination with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Presence of influenza virus allows the binding of MNPs to the GMR sensor and the binding is proportional to the concentration of virus. Bind...