Liposomal bupivacaine is a prolonged-release local anaesthetic, the neurotoxicity of which has not yet been determined. We used quantitative histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses to evaluate the neurotoxic effect of liposomal bupivacaine after perineural and intraneural (extrafascicular) injection of the sciatic nerve in pigs. In this double-blind prospective randomised trial, 4 ml...

Intrathecal injection of a nitric oxide releasing compound, NOC-18, was used to define the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the spinal mechanism of neuropathic pain caused by unilateral chronic constriction injury to rat sciatic nerves. Paw withdrawal latency was used to evaluate nociception induced by thermal stimuli before surgery and afterwards at 1, 3, and 6 h, and on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, and...

“A clever person solves the problem. A wise avoids it” (Albert Einstein). There is no convincing evidence that any modality 100% effectively prevents nerve injury. The risk of injury remains same even with ultrasound due to limitations in resolution images and inter-operator inter-patient differences. In a nutshell, caution required when dealing precious nerves perioperative period, either duri...

AIM Sciatic nerve injury is the most frequent and serious complication of intramuscular gluteal injection. This study aims to highlight the incidence and causes of this continuing problem and to discuss the relevant literature. < p < MATERIAL and METHODS: A total of 217 subjects who were diagnosed with sciatic nerve injury in our neurophysiology laboratory between 2003 and 2013 were examined. S...

background: maggot therapy has recently attracted considerable attention as an emerging debridement technique for wound healing. this study aimed to review the safety, effectiveness and economic evaluations of maggot debridement therapy for wound healing.   methods: to retrieve the relevant evidences, the cochrane library (until september 2014) was searched by appropriate keywords, using free t...

Studies have shown that sensory nerve damage can activate the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, but whether the same type of nerve injury after exercise activates the p38MAPK pathway remains unclear. Several studies have demonstrated that nerve growth factor may play a role in the repair process after peripheral nerve injury, but there has been little research focusing on the...

Skin injury can result in inflammatory responses and increased sensitivity to touch. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), when administered locally or systemically, can reduce the inflammatory and hyperalgesic processes after skin injury. However, the mechanisms that control its effects are unclear. Doxorubicin injection produced inflammation, increased sensitivity to touch and more sensitive ...

a few numbers of patients admitted to the emergency department due to the lunate dislocation can cause a direct injury to the wrist ligament, which mainly occurs after wrist trauma, and often diagnosis is far from the mind. a 32 years old man due to severe pain and tenderness of the wrist started the previous day during swimming, referred to emergency department of imam reza hospital of mashhad...

although hand injuries due to kite strings seem to be trivial, these injuries could be serious enough to lose the function of hand. this case series in the division of plastic and reconstructive surgery of our institution from august 2014 to january 2016 evaluated the clinic-etiological profile, severity and management of hand injuries due to kite strings assessed clinically and radiologically....

introduction the abducent nucleus is located in the upper part of the rhomboid fossa beneath the fourth ventricle in the caudal portion of the pons. the abducent nerve courses from its nucleus, to innervate the lateral rectus muscle. this nerve has the longest subarachnoid course of all the cranial nerves, it is the cranial nerve most vulnerable to trauma. it has been reported that 1% to 2.7% o...