Background Anaphylaxis is a severe and life threatening hypersensitivity reaction. Individuals at risk can be offered an adrenaline autoinjector to use in the event of an attack. The dose required is dependent on the brand of adrenaline auto injector and the weight of the patient as outlined in The British National Formulary (BNF): Anapen Over 30kg 0.3mg Over 60kg 0.5mg Epipen 15-30kg 0.15mg (U...

We describe the Object Infrastructure Framework, a system that seeks to simplify the creation of distributed applications by injecting behavior on the communication paths between components. We touch on some of the ilities and services that can be achieved with injector technology, and then focus on the uses of redirecting injectors, injectors that take requests directed at a particular server ...

Due to excessive stress in the orifice, cavitation occurs in high-pressure Diesel injectors. As experiments are very hard to manage for injection conditions (small-scaled, high-speed flow), a numerical model seems to be the right tool to get a better understanding of the flow features inside and at the exit of the injector nozzle. The purpose of this paper is to present a simulation code based ...

BACKGROUND: In response to the rising rate of treatment admissions related to illicit use of amphetamines (eg, methamphetamine), we examined the prevalence of amphetamine use among treatment-seeking, opioid-dependent adults, explored whether amphetamine users were as likely as nonamphetamine users to enroll in opioid-dependence treatment trials, and determined whether amphetamine users manifest...

Background: Comprehensive information on the incidence and duration of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection for people who inject drugs (PWID) in Ireland is not available. We created an incidence curve of injecting drug use in Ireland and subsequently estimated incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Methods: Anonymised data from the National Drug Treatment Reporting System (NDTRS) were us...

BACKGROUND Of the nearly 100,000 street-based IDUs in Pakistan, 20% have HIV. We investigated the recent rise in HIV prevalence from 12 to 52% among IDUs in Sargodha despite > 70% coverage with syringe exchanges. METHODS We interviewed approximately 150 IDUs and 30 outreach workers in focus group discussions. RESULTS We found six rural and 28 urban injecting locations. Urban locations have ...

UNLABELLED BACKGROUND The HIV prevalence among injecting drug users (IDUs) in Indonesia reached 50% in 2005. While drug use remains illegal in Indonesia, a needle and syringe program (NSP) was implemented in 2006. METHODS In 2007, an integrated behavioural and biological surveillance survey was conducted among IDUs in six cities. IDUs were selected via time-location sampling and respondent...

AIMS   To examine trends in prescription opioid (PO) injection and to assess its association with hepatitis C virus (HCV) seroconversion among injection drug users (IDUs). DESIGN   Prospective cohort study. SETTING   Montreal, Canada. PARTICIPANTS   HCV-negative IDUs at baseline, reporting injection in the past month. MEASUREMENTS   Semi-annual visits included HCV antibody testing and a...

Many of the principal public health strategies for preventing HIV and substance use among injectors at the turn of the 21st century*/such as needle exchange, rinsing syringes with bleach, distributing condoms, and prescribing methadone*/were implemented with little knowledge of how, why, and even if they worked. Epidemiological researchers often document bizarre associations between behaviours,...