We studied SU(2) flux distributions on four dimensional Euclidean lattices with one dimension very large. By choosing the time direction appropriately we can study physics in two cases: one is finite volume in the zero temperature limit, another is finite temperature in the intermediate to large volume limit. We found that for cases of β > βc there is no intrinsic string formation. Our lattices...

An enantioselective β-carbon amination for enals is disclosed. The nitrogen atom from a protected hydrazine with suitable electronic properties readily behaves as a nucleophile. Addition of the nitrogen nucleophile to a catalytically generated N-heterocyclic-carbene-bound α,β-unsaturated acyl azolium intermediate constructs a new carbon-nitrogen bond asymmetrically. The pyrazolidinone products ...

Direct β-alkylation of saturated aldehydes has been accomplished by synergistically combining photoredox catalysis and organocatalysis. Photon-induced enamine oxidation provides an activated β-enaminyl radical intermediate, which readily combines with a wide range of Michael acceptors to produce β-alkyl aldehydes in a highly efficient manner. Furthermore, this redox-neutral, atom-economical C-H...

β-Lactamases enable resistance to almost all β-lactam antibiotics. Pioneering work revealed that acyclic boronic acids can act as 'transition state analogue' inhibitors of nucleophilic serine enzymes, including serine-β-lactamases. Here we report biochemical and biophysical analyses revealing that cyclic boronates potently inhibit both nucleophilic serine and zinc-dependent β-lactamases by a me...

Neonatal odor-preference memory in rat pups is a well-defined associative mammalian memory model dependent on cAMP. Previous work from this laboratory demonstrates three phases of neonatal odor-preference memory: short-term (translation-independent), intermediate-term (translation-dependent), and long-term (transcription- and translation-dependent). Here, we use neonatal odor-preference learnin...

Molecular interactions between β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) and sugar beet pectin (SBP) were studied using online multi-detection high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) at neutral pH and 50mM ionic strength. The hydrodynamic properties of various interacting polymer fractions were characterized in detail and compared with those of β-LG and SBP. Results showed that ∼6.5% (w/w) of nativ...

Density functional theory calculations have been employed to investigate the mechanism of gold(I)-catalysed rearrangements of cyclopropenes. Product formation is controlled by the initial ring-opening step which results in the formation of a gold-stabilised carbocation/gold carbene intermediate. With 3-phenylcyclopropene-3-methylcarboxylate, the preferred intermediate allows cyclisation via nuc...

A concise synthesis of (2S,5R) and (2S,5S)-5-hydroxy-lysine was achieved by utilizing D-galactose as a chiral-precursor with stereo retention. This synthetic strategy showcased the potential of utilizing carbohydrates as starting materials to prepare amino acids. Using the diazido intermediate, the derived β-D-galactopyranosyl and α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-galactosyl moieties were synthesized.