The design of a supersonic-supersonic mixing layer facility was motivated by the need for benchmark experimental platform to study physical phenomena underlying supersonic layers. is an intermittent blowdown wind tunnel characterized two-stream separated splitter plate in middle nozzle. ends exactly at start test section. Mach number primary stream M1 = 3 all nozzles and secondary streams are M...

Hydrologic alteration is a major threat to freshwater biota, and particularly fish, in many river courses around the world. We analyzed and compared the effects of water abstraction on two threatened cyprinid fishes of contrasting ecology (the Mediterranean barbel Barbus meridionalis and the Catalan chub Squalius laietanus) in a Mediterranean stream. We compared abundance, size-structure, growt...

Obstructive sleep apnea causes cardiovascular disease via chronic intermittent hypoxia (IH), which may be related to oxidative stress. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an important cellular defense mechanism against oxidative stress by regulating its down-stream multiple antioxidants. The present study was to define whether IH can induce renal pathogenic damage and if so, w...

Compensatory mitigation is commonly used to replace aquatic natural resources being lost or degraded but little is known about the success of stream mitigation. This article presents a synthesis of information about 434 stream mitigation projects from 117 permits for surface mining in Appalachia. Data from annual monitoring reports indicate that the ratio of lengths of stream impacted to length...

The algal groups present in periphyton communities form an important base of autochthonous food webs freshwater streams. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are key macronutrients aquatic systems. Excess nutrients benefit some over others. We paired a nutrient-diffusing substrata limitation experiment with high performance liquid chromatography to (a) identify which nutrient(s) limit production, (b...

Symptoms examined in a level 1 assessment In the report The Standardisation of Terminology of Lower Urinary Tract Function, Abrams at al (2002) divide lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTs) into three groups: ■ Storage symptoms – experienced when urine is stored in the bladder. These include increased daytime frequency and nocturia (Box 1); ■ Voiding symptoms – these include a slow urinary stream,...

Complete and continuous imaging of microvascular networks is crucial for a wide variety of biomedical applications. Photoacoustic tomography can provide high resolution microvascular imaging using hemoglobin within red blood cells (RBCs) as an endogenic contrast agent. However, intermittent RBC flow in capillaries results in discontinuous and fragmentary capillary images. To overcome this probl...

Stream permanence classifications (i.e., perennial, intermittent, ephemeral) are a primary consideration to determine stream regulatory status in the United States (U.S.) and an important indicator of environmental conditions biodiversity. However, at present, no models or products adequately describe surface water presence for determinations. We modified Thornthwaite monthly balance model (MWB...