Polyphosphate is a phosphate polymer which is effective for stain removal and prevention of stain deposition. Ultraphosphate belongs to the polyphosphate group and has a highly branched mesh-like structure. To evaluate stain control ability of ultraphosphate, we used HAP powder, glass-ionomer cement and detached human teeth for models of in vitro stain control experiments. When using HAP powder...

Tooth discolouration results from varied and complex causes that are usually classified as being either intrinsic or extrinsic in nature. Extrinsic discoloration arises when external chromogens are deposited on the tooth surface or within the pellicle layer. Intrinsic discoloration occurs when the chromogens are deposited within the bulk of the tooth (usually in the dentine) and are often of sy...

Pap stain was first developed by Dr GN Papanicoloau in 1947 and since then it has been used successfully to screen cervical cancer. In fact, it has reduced the incidence of cervical cancer by 70% especially in developed countries having well planned screening programs. However, the stain has undergone various modifications from regressive conventional method to progressive rapid Pap staining wh...

The Alcobacenses are one of the most important Portuguese collections Monastic codices. During a campaign study to further advance our knowledge on this legacy and its state conservation, heavily deteriorated codex (ALC.338) stood out due presence purple stains lower margins virtually all folios. In some them, accompanied by yellow brown patches as well. Also noticed was these spots white tawed...

Genipa americana L., commonly known as genipap, belongs to the Rubiaceae family. This study aimed describe pollen morphology of species, evaluate its meiotic behavior and viability, provide information help maintenance conservation species in natural habitat. Flower buds were collected from 20 individuals Alta Floresta Matupá municipalities, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Pollen was characterized using a...