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This work reviews research on neural mechanisms of two types of associative learning in the marine mollusk Aplysia, classical conditioning of the gill- and siphon-withdrawal reflex and operant conditioning of feeding behavior. Basic classical conditioning is caused in part by activity-dependent facilitation at sensory neuron-motor neuron (SN-MN) synapses and involves a hybrid combination of act...

Neuropeptides are key messengers in almost all physiological processes. They originate from larger precursors and are extensively processed to become bioactive. Neuropeptidomics aims to comprehensively identify the collection of neuropeptides in an organism, organ, tissue or cell. The neuropeptidome of several invertebrates is thoroughly explored since they are important model organisms (and mo...

In most animals there is a need to quickly prevent the loss of blood or equivalent fluids through inflicted injuries. In invertebrates with an open circulatory system (and sometimes a hydroskeleton as well) these losses may otherwise soon be fatal. Also, there is a need to prevent microbes that have gained access to the body through the wound from disseminating throughout the open circulatory s...

Some species of zoosporic fungi in the Phylum Blastocladiomycota are obligate parasites of invertebrate animals. Various stages in the life history of the host can be infected, including eggs, larvae and adults. Some parasites, such as some species of Coelomomyces, alternate between two hosts; while others, such as some species of Catenaria, require only one host for reproduction. Infection gen...

The five sensory modalities of humans are also found in a wide range of invertebrates. Other vertebrates have evolved additional special senses, such as the magnetic sense, which are also found in some invertebrates. However, there remain a few sensory abilities that curiously appear to be found in either vertebrates or invertebrates, but not both. For example, electrosensitivity - the ability ...

this research summarizes the data on benthic macro invertebrates collected from 25 points in the urmia lake wetlands during november 2008 to february 2009. the purpose of the study was to assess the effects of elevated salinity and nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) levels on macro invertebrate abundance and composition. a total of 32 taxa were collected, and the common taxa, including chirono...