1. Before Biodiversity Management: A Short Historical Background 2. Forest Habitats and Biodiversity 3. The Rain Forests of Southern Nigeria: A Case Study 4. Managing Well-Known Forest Sites 4.1. Temperate Forests 4.2. Tropical Forests 4.3. People's Dependence on Forest Resources and Institutional Alternatives for Sustainable Management of the Tropical Forests 4.4. Assessing Conservation Priori...

The spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), is one of the most destructive insects infesting spruce forests in Europe. Data concerning infestations of I. typographus occurring over the last 19 years (1994–2012) on the Southern Alps were analyzed in seven spruce forest types: (1) pure spruce plantations; (2) pure spruce reforestations; (3) pure spruce mo...

Understanding the multiple ways people value forests is important, as individual values regarding nature have been shown to partly determine willingness to participate in conservation initiatives. As individual values are influenced by past experiences, the way people value forests may be related to the ecosystem services they use and receive. We here aim to investigate if people value forests ...

Temperate- and high-latitude forests have been shown to contribute a carbon sink in the Northern Hemisphere, but fewer studies have addressed the carbon balance of the subtropical forests. In the present study, we integrated eddy covariance observations established in the 1990s and 2000s to show that East Asian monsoon subtropical forests between 20 °N and 40 °N represent an average net ecosyst...

1 This is one of three background papers commissioned by the United Nations Forum for Forests. Background paper 1: Focuses on economic contributions of forests, by Agrawal, Shepherd and Cashore; Background Paper 2: Forests and cross-sectorial linkages, by Lele, Karsenty, Benson, Fétiveau, Agarwal and Goswami; and Background paper 3: The role of forests in a future world, by Agrawal et al. This ...

Timber volume is an important parameter in forestry and with the position of each individual tree together with its size this parameter can be estimated with higher accuracy than from estimations made at stand level. In this paper, three existing methods for individual tree crown extraction are compared for different types of forests. The types of forests range from planted forests to dense for...

Amazon forests experienced two severe droughts at the beginning of the 21st century: one in 2005 and the other in 2010. How Amazon forests responded to these droughts is critical for the future of the Earth’s climate system. It is only possible to assess Amazon forests’ response to the droughts in large areal extent through satellite remote sensing. Here, we used the Multi-Angle Implementation ...

Ensembles of randomized decision trees, usually referred to as random forests, are widely used for classification and regression tasks in machine learning and statistics. Random forests achieve competitive predictive performance and are computationally efficient to train and test, making them excellent candidates for real-world prediction tasks. The most popular random forest variants (such as ...

People and forests are interdependent. People depend on forests for their livelihoods because the forest provides a wide range of goods and services. Locally and globally, trees ameliorate climate, protect soil, regulate water, and maintain biological diversity on which future benefits depend. Likewise, the existence and maintenance of forests depend on people, particularly those people who liv...

Tropical and subtropical dry forest life zones support forests with lower stature and species richness than do tropical and subtropical life zones with greater water availability. The number of naturalized species that can thrive and mix with native species to form novel forests in dry forest conditions in Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands is lower than in other insular life zones. These no...