in order to study the development of knee joint in absence of movement; mouse limb buds were separated from 15 days old embryos and cultured in ham's f-io medium conditioned with 37°c and 5% co2 for 1 to 6 days. the medium was renewed every 24h during incubation. after 6 days, specimens were fixed by buin's fluid, embedded in paraffin wax, serially sectioned and stained with h&e.; the...

Objectives: Joint attention is one of the most important prerequisite of language and social development. There are two types of joint attention, Initiating joint attention and Responding to joint attention. This study examined the development of responding to joint attention in typically developing children in 8-30 month. Methods: this study was cross-sectional. 61 children (40 female and 2...

In this paper standing balance control of a biped with toe-joint is presented. The model consists of an inverted pendulum as the upper body and the foot contains toe-joint. The biped is actuated by two torques at ankle-joint and toe-joint to regulate the upper body in upright position. To model the interaction between foot and the ground, configuration constraints are defined and utilized. To s...

Introduction: Inflammatory joint diseases are common in elderly, and regulation of joint blood flow (JBF) is important in these conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the response of inflamed joint blood vessels to angiotensin (Ang ), a vasoconstrictor factor which has been shown to be produced in inflamed joints locally. Identification of Ang receptor subtypes in joint blood ve...

The kinematics and dynamics of two industrial cooperating robots are presented in this paper. The NOC (natural orthogonal complement) method is used to derive the dynamical equations for the motion of two cooperating robots. The joint torques of the two robots are determined based on the optimization techniques in order to obtain unique solution for joint torques. To this end, minimizing the cr...

background chronic sacroiliac (si) joint pain constitutes 16% to 30% of the total prevalence of chronic low back pain, which is commonly unilateral. apart from conservative management, various interventional pain management procedures have been reported. intraarticular deposteroid injection has been described as the most evidence-based, but different various radio frequency (rf) procedures have...

introduction: knee joint osteoarthritis is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal problems in adult population, which cause pain and functional limitations. involvement of medial compartment is almost 10 times more common than lateral compartment, which results in varus deformity among patients with medial compartment osteoarthritis of knee joint. main objectives in the treatment of knee joi...

introduction sub axial cervical spine dislocations are common and managing these cases by closed reduction is successful in the majority of cases. however, treatment of old and neglected cases is difficult and the results may vary in terms of neurological and functional outcomes. case presentation we present two cases of traumatic bilateral cervical facet dislocation with no neurological defici...

drug induced dystonic reactions are among common presentations of patients in emergency departments, and typically occur with antidopaminergic agents as their extra-pyramidal side effects. dystonic reactions usually occur within the first few hours or days after commencing a drug or dose increase. unlike other extra-pyramidal side effects, a patient may experience acute dystonic reactions (adrs...

background and aims. temporomandibular disorders (tmds) are the most common condition affecting the temporomandibular joint and associated structures. the aim of this study was the epidemiologic evaluation of tmds and related factors in a group of iranian adolescents. materials and methods. this descriptive cross-sectional survey included a sample of 800 high school students (400 girls and 400 ...